甲型流感病毒多功能蛋白质NS1的研究进展

近年来大量的研究结果表明,甲型流感病毒的非结构蛋白质1(NS1)是在感染病毒期间具有多个辅助功能的毒力因子,为揭示该人畜共患病毒的致病性机理提供重要参考价值。这篇文章综述了该病毒蛋白质一些最新研究进展,包括NS1的合成、结构、亚细胞定位及在病毒复制机制、宿主天然免疫应答或/和适应性免疫应答、细胞信号传导中发挥各种作用。作者重点阐述了NS1-RNA之间和NS1-蛋白质之间的相互作用,因为它们都是上述功能和过程的基础。同时突出不同毒株NS1蛋白可能特有的特性,鉴于此,也讨论了NS1对人和动物甲型流感病毒致病性的某些作用。最后概述NS1可能应用于流感疫苗的研制、新抗病毒药物的研发等。同时比较了乙、丙型流感病毒NS1研究新进展。     

牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成及功能的对比研究

利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electropheresis,SDS-PAGE)将牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成部分进行分离鉴定,发现牛初乳与牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的组成存在较大的差异,且在牛初乳中鉴定出628种乳脂肪球膜蛋白质,牛常乳中鉴定出487种乳脂肪球膜蛋白质.由基因本体(gene ontology,GO)功能注释分析发现,在生物过程中生物调控作用是牛初乳和牛常乳中乳脂肪球膜的主要生物过程.在分子功能上,牛初乳的乳脂肪球膜蛋白质的绑定作用大于牛常乳.在细胞组成上,牛初乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白质参与细胞外区域远远大于牛常乳.通过京都基因与基因组百科全书系统(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)代谢通路分析可知,牛初乳和牛常乳乳脂肪球膜蛋白质参与的代谢途径不同,表明牛初乳在日后的生产加工中更具有利用价值.     

过表达IL-6对山羊毛囊干细胞增殖和迁移的影响

旨在通过在山羊毛囊干细胞(HFSCs)中过表达炎症因子白细胞介素6(IL-6),探讨其对山羊HFSCs增殖和迁移的影响,阐明MAPK/ERK信号通路在山羊HFSCs增殖和迁移过程中发挥的作用。本试验通过构建pXJ40-myc-IL-6过表达载体,瞬时转染到山羊HFSCs中,以空载体细胞为空白对照组。利用Western blot定量检测IL-6蛋白的表达,MTT法检测山羊HFSCs的增殖活力,划痕试验判定山羊HFSCs的迁移能力,最后采用Westernblot检测山羊HFSCs中MAPK/ERK和P38信号通路中关键激酶的表达水平。结果表明,将获得的IL-6过表达载体转染至山羊HFSCs3d后,与对照组比较,山羊HFSCs的增殖活力出现抑制,且抑制效果持续至第7天(P<0.05)。IL-6过表达载体转染至山羊HFSCs24h后,处理组划痕部位的愈合率达到84.2%,显著低于对照组的98.5%(P<0.01)。与对照组相比,MAPK/ERK信号通路中的关键激酶ERK1/2的磷酸化水平(p-ERK1/2)显著下调(P<0.01),P38信号通路中的关键激酶p38的磷酸化水平(p-p38)表达量上调,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。综上所述,过表达IL-6基因对山羊HFSCs的增殖和迁移能力具有抑制作用,且过表达IL-6可能是通过MAPK/REK信号通路对山羊HFSCs增殖和迁移发挥负性调控作用,以上结果为揭示山羊HFSCs的迁移及组织修复机制的研究提供依据。     

成龄雉鸡内源代谢氮的比较测定

本研究选择２０只成龄母雉鸡,采用无氮日粮法和回归分析法比较测定内源代谢氮和维持蛋白质需要量。结果表明,成龄雉鸡内源代谢氮（内源尿氮＋代谢粪氮）分别为０１８８８ｇ／ｋｇＷ０．７５·ｄ和０２２７４ｇ／ｋｇＷ０．７５·ｄ;维持蛋白质需要量理论值为２６７ｇ／ｋｇＷ０．７５·ｄ～３．２２ｇ／ｋｇＷ０．７５·ｄ。     

Effect of Dietary Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content on Activation of 5′‐Adenosine Monophosphate‐Activated Protein Kinase in Liver,Skeletal Muscle,and Digital Laminae of Lean and Obese Ponies

Background

In EMS‐associated laminitis, laminar failure may occur in response to energy failure related to insulin resistance (IR) or to the effect of hyperinsulinemia on laminar tissue. 5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a marker of tissue energy deprivation, which may occur in IR.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To characterize tissue AMPK regulation in ponies subjected to a dietary carbohydrate (CHO) challenge.

Animals

Twenty‐two mixed‐breed ponies.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting for total AMPK and phospho(P)‐AMPK and RT‐qPCR for AMPK‐responsive genes were performed on laminar, liver, and skeletal muscle samples collected after a 7‐day feeding protocol in which ponies stratified on body condition score (BCS; obese or lean) were fed either a low‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 7% DM; n = 5 obese, 5 lean) or a high‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 42% DM; n = 6 obese, 6 lean).

Results

5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase was immunolocalized to laminar keratinocytes, dermal constituents, and hepatocytes. A high‐CHO diet resulted in significantly decreased laminar [P‐AMPK] in lean ponies (P = .03), but no changes in skeletal muscle (lean, P = .33; obese, P = .43) or liver (lean, P = .84; obese, P = .13) [P‐AMPK]. An inverse correlation existed between [blood glucose] and laminar [P‐AMPK] in obese ponies on a high‐CHO diet.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Laminar tissue exhibited a normal response to a high‐CHO diet (decreased [P‐AMPK]), whereas this response was not observed in liver and skeletal muscle in both lean (skeletal muscle, P = .33; liver, P = .84) and obese (skeletal muscle, P = .43; liver, P = .13) ponies.     

Magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the brain and cervical spinal cord in an edema disease affected pig

A 7‐week‐old male pig was presented with signs of a central nervous system disorder. An MRI of the head and cervical spine was performed immediately after euthanasia. The MRI revealed multifocal bilaterally symmetric T2‐weighted hyperintense lesions in the brain and spinal cord, likely due to a toxic metabolic process. Histopathological examination supported the MRI findings and confirmed the diagnosis of edema disease due to Shiga‐like toxin produced by Escherichia coli. This is the first case published of the MRI findings in an edema disease affected pig.     

Morphological characteristics of blood cells in monitor lizards: is erythrocyte size linked to actual body size?

Blood cell morphology and count are not uniform across species. Recently, between‐species comparisons revealed that the size of red blood cells is associated with body size in some lizard taxa, and this finding was interpreted in the context of the metabolic theory. In the present study, we examined the numbers and the size of blood cells in 2 species of monitor lizards, the mangrove‐dwelling monitor (Varanus indicus) and the savannah monitor (V. exanthematicus), and we compared these traits in individuals of different body size. The results revealed that during the course of ontogeny, the size of red blood cells increases with body mass. Because the mass‐specific metabolic rate decreases with body size and the cell volume‐to‐surface ratio decreases with the cell size, changes in the erythrocyte size might be the result of oxygen transport adjustment.     

The Role of Vitamins and Feed Enzymes in Combating Metabolic Challenges and Disorders

The potential exists for vitamins and feed enzymes to counteract some metabolic disorders and challenges in poultry. Recent research indicates that increased levels of vitamins E and C are able to reduce ascites-related mortality in broiler chickens. Fatty liver and kidney syndrome is a nutritionally induced metabolic disorder that has been eliminated under practical production conditions due to regular supplementation of poultry diets with biotin. There is also experimental evidence for beneficial effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the incidence and severity of skeletal and performance anomalies in broilers. Another challenge is the presence of high levels of indigestible and partly soluble nonstarch polysaccharides in many cereals and other plant feed ingredients, resulting in various antinutritive effects. The use of feed enzymes, in particular endo-1,3-1,4-β-glucanase and endo-1,4-β-xylanase, to counteract these adverse effects is well implemented by the feed industry. A typical example of metabolic challenge is the reduced availability of phytate P in plant feed ingredients and the potential for phytate to act as an antinutritional component. Microbial phytase provides a practical solution for improving P availability in plant ingredients. In addition, recent studies suggest phytate can stimulate endogenous losses, and phytase can help prevent those losses.     

河南省小麦肉鸡代谢能预测方程的建立

本试验采用化学分析和肉鸡代谢试验建立了河南省小麦养分含量与代谢能的回归方程。试验1:选取河南省11种不同的成熟小麦,测定概略养分含量和容重,分析养分含量变化范围。试验2:用小麦、次粉、麸皮、面粉按照总戊聚糖含量梯度配制人工小麦,再添加一定量的维生素和矿物质,配制成人工小麦代谢饲粮。选取常规饲养的商品代罗斯308雄性白羽肉鸡进行代谢试验,分别在11~13日龄和25~27日龄,用全收粪法测定人工小麦代谢饲粮的表观代谢能(AME)、真代谢能(TME)、氮校正表观代谢能(AMEn)和氮校正真代谢能(TMEn),并采用逐步回归法建立AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn的回归方程。结果表明:1)河南省小麦粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)及总磷(TP)含量的变异系数相对较大,分别为16.67%、15.84%、14.96%、19.32%。2)肉鸡对人工小麦代谢饲粮的养分表观代谢率在11~13日龄和25~27日龄存在差异,25~27日龄肉鸡对人工小麦代谢饲粮ADF、粗纤维(CF)的表观代谢率高于11~13日龄,AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn也高于11~13日龄。3)采用逐步回归法建立河南省小麦肉鸡代谢能的预测方程为:11~13日龄,AME=14.628-0.184NDF(R2=0.842,P<0.01),TME=15.49-0.197NDF(R2=0.854,P<0.01),AMEn=14.571-0.184NDF(R2=0.847,P<0.01),TMEn=15.49-0.197NDF(R2=0.854,P<0.01);25~27日龄,AME=15.462-0.217NDF(R2=0.797,P<0.01),TME=16.124-0.214NDF(R2=0.809,P<0.01),AMEn=15.179-0.208NDF(R2=0.801,P<0.01),TMEn=16.123-0.214NDF(R2=0.809,P<0.01)。4)通过预测方程计算所得人工小麦代谢饲粮AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn的预测值与实测值很接近,计算所得的河南省小麦AME、TME、AMEn和TMEn符合预期值。由此得出,不同品种河南省小麦之间EE、NDF、ADF及TP的含量差异相对较大;不同日龄阶段的肉鸡对小麦代谢能存在差异,设计肉鸡饲粮配方时,不同阶段饲粮代谢能应采用对应的代谢能值;低于14日龄的肉鸡,预测方程为AME=14.628-0.184NDF,TME=15.49-0.197NDF,AMEn=14.571-0.184NDF,TMEn=15.49-0.197NDF;14日龄以上的肉鸡,预测方程为AME=15.462-0.217NDF,TME=16.124-0.214NDF,AMEn=15.179-0.208NDF,TMEn=16.123-0.214NDF。