竞争效应对红色型豌豆蚜繁殖的影响

为明确种间竞争和种内竞争效应对红色型豌豆蚜生长和繁殖产生的影响,本研究以红色豌豆蚜克隆、绿色型豌豆蚜克隆及豌豆修尾蚜克隆作为试验材料,选用琼脂法,首先制备4种竞争试验区(1头区,2头区,种内竞争区和种间竞争区),观察各试验区蚜虫的种群动态,另准备3个(红色型、绿色型及豌豆修尾蚜)高密度种群处理,分别往里放入1头4龄红色克隆若虫,统计其3日总产蚜数。结果发现,种内竞争区和种间竞争区,二者的竞争效应都非常明显,竞争区混合种群的增殖率高于2头区,种间竞争区红色克隆胜利组单头红色克隆第10天新生蚜数高于其他处理。此外,高密度的绿色克隆和豌豆修尾蚜种群均能抑制红色克隆的繁殖。因此,红色型豌豆蚜能通过评估竞争种和同伴的相对密度来控制繁殖,无论是种间竞争还是种内竞争均能影响其繁殖,且种间竞争可能加速它的繁殖速率。     

Silage and haylage as forage in slow and fast-growing broilers – effects on performance in Campylobacter jejuni infected birds

ABSTRACT

1. This study investigated the effects of daily intake of silage or haylage on broiler production performance and organ development. Furthermore, effects of daily intake of Lactobacillus plantarum either via silage or by supplemented drinking water, on Campylobacter jejuni loads in faeces were studied.

2. To test this, a 42-d experiment using Ross 308 and a 63-d experiment with Rowan Rangers hybrids, were performed. Silage inoculated with L. plantarum strain 256 and haylage were fed in total mixed rations with mixtures of 85% of pellets and 15% of respective forage (DM-based weight). Feed intake (FI), forage intake, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ration (FCR) were monitored weekly. Mortality was recorded daily, and organ weights were registered at slaughter. Quantification of C. jejuni was performed by colony counts from faecal samples after culture on agar plates.

3. There was a negative effect of haylage on BW and FI in the fast-growing Ross 308 hybrid. Silage had a negative effect on BW only on week four and six. Water inoculated with L. plantarum 256 increased BW in the starter period. Interestingly, no significant adverse effect of forage inclusion was observed in the Rowan Ranger birds.

4. Relative weight of the emptied gizzard was higher in both Ross 308 and Rowan Ranger birds fed haylage and silage than in the control group. In Ross 308 birds, both forages significantly reased the relative weight of gizzard with digestive content when compared to birds fed solely pellets.

5. In both studies, higher consumption of silage than haylage was observed.

6. In conclusion, daily intake of L. plantarum 256 either via silage or supplemented in drinking water, was not effective in reducing the shedding of C. jejuni in either Ross 308 or Rowan Ranger hybrids at the end of the rearing period.     

Salinity an Environmental “Filter” Selecting for Plant Invasiveness? Evidence from Indigenous Lepidium alyssoides on Chihuahuan Desert Shrublands

A better understanding of site-specific factors such as soil salinity that regulate plant invasions is needed. We conducted a 3-mo greenhouse study to evaluate the salinity responses of three local maternal sources of Lepidium alyssoides, which is an indigenous species shown to aggressively colonize disturbed shrubland sites in the southwestern United States, including those affected by high salinity and sodicity. Results indicated that there were little or no population effects on plant evapotranspiration (ET), growth, and tissue Na and Cl concentrations. Significant reductions in seedling growth and ET were largely independent of various isosmotic saline irrigation solutions that included NaCl, Na₂SO₄, and CaCl₂, each at ? 0.1 MPa and ? 0.2 MPa, suggesting that ET and growth were controlled by solution osmotic potential. The combined Na and Cl concentrations in leaves were 9–10% of dry weight with no visible sign of injury. However, increasing leaf mortality and abscission as a proportion of total leaf production was observed in the high-salt treatments (? 0.2 MPa), with a combined Na and Cl concentration reaching 16% with high NaCl. Under saline conditions, considerable foliage salt loads of this species could deposit high-salt litter to potentially alter a landscape to its own favor and to the detriment of other salt-sensitive species. Results of this study add to a limited quantitative database on site-specific salinity factors governing plant invasions by showing the potential for these populations to behave invasively under saline conditions and, thus, potential for soil salinity assessment to predict incipient populations. However, due to its halophytic traits and indigenous status, L. alyssoides may alternatively provide ecosystem services to salinized shrublands of the arid and semiarid southwestern United States.     

不同施氮量对天然草场牧草产量影响

采用不同施氮量作用于天然草场，研究了草地施肥与牧草产量的关系，通过测定施肥试验的各项参数，确定了干草原类草场产草量和经济效益最佳的施肥方案，最佳施肥量为450kg/hm^2，同时建立了施肥量与牧草产量间的回归方程。     

家蚕温汤处理无性繁殖性状的遗传分析

为阐明家蚕无性繁殖性状的遗传规律 ,测定了该性状的杂种优势率、狭义遗传力和基因数 ,并利用世代平均值多元回归方法 ,对其基因效应进行了分析。结果表明 :无性繁殖性状的杂种优势率为 2 0 71% ,狭义遗传力为74 0 2 % ,由 1对以上的多基因所控制 ;无性繁殖性状符合加性 显性遗传模型 ,主要受加性效应控制 ,其次是显性效应 ,两者占总遗传变异的 97 0 5 % ,起决定性作用。     

草地景观视觉效果的定量评价研究--以日本北海道士幌新建草地为例

采用SD法(Semantic Differential Method)定量评价了居民对不同草地景观类型的主观印象.结果表明,评价者知识结构及经历的不同对评价结果有很大影响;草地景观的视觉效果由舒适性、协调性和空间性三评价轴所构成;草地内有林地的景观类型受到很高评价,今后在草地管理上为增加草地的视觉美学价值应重点研究草地内树林的配置结构及树种构成.     

复合促生菌剂发酵条件优化及其对青稞促生效果评价

为研制复合植物根际促生菌(Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)菌剂,提升菌体生物量,提高菌剂促生能力,本研究以3株分离自高寒草地的优良PGPR菌株组成复合菌系,通过单因素试验及响应面法Box-Be-hnken试验设计,优化复合菌系发酵培养基成分及培养条件,并通过盆栽试验评...     

畜牧业温室气体排放机制及其减排研究进展

全球气候变暖已经成为人类共同关注的话题,畜牧业温室气体排放量占全球总量的18%,成为导致全球气候变暖的主要原因。因此,研究各种畜禽温室气体排放机制,找出畜禽温室气体的影响因子,对减少温室气体排放有着非常重要的意义。文章综述了畜禽温室气体排放的机理,提出减少畜禽温室气体排放的措施与对策,为探索节能、低温室气体排放的环保养殖提供参考。     

鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗免疫效果评估

本试验选用A、B、C、D 4种商品化鸡传染性法氏囊病活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,进行攻毒试验以评估不同疫苗的免疫效果。10日龄SPF鸡分组后分别用A、B、C、D 4种商品化法氏囊病活疫苗按1羽份/只剂量接种免疫,21日龄时用1000 LD₅₀剂量的法氏囊超强毒株(GD0104)进行攻毒,各组疫苗的保护率分别为100%、85%、100%、100%;35日龄时用1000 LD₅₀剂量的法氏囊超强毒株(GD0104)进行攻毒,各组疫苗的保护率分别为100%、75%、95%、100%。免疫后抗体检测显示,抗体滴度水平D＞A＞C＞B,抗体转阳速度A＞D＞C＞B,免疫应激作用A、D＞B、C。综合考虑疫苗免疫攻毒后各项指标的变化,A、D疫苗免疫效果优于其他两种活疫苗,可以有效地为SPF鸡提供保护作用。     

多氯联苯对鱼肝功能的影响、机制及防治

多氯联苯(polychlorinated biphenyls,PCBs)是水体环境中广泛分布的典型持久性有机污染物,可通过食物链富集进入鱼、人及其他动物体内,并在脂肪中积蓄,严重危害机体健康,能引起生物体突变、畸变甚至癌变,引起了极大的关注。文章主要综述了PCBs对鱼类肝功能的影响、作用机理及预防PCBs对鱼类生长发育的毒害,旨在为搞好水体环境,保护和发展可持续的渔业提供参考依据。