遵义红军山松材线虫病预防与对策

遵义红军山和红花岗风景林坐落于遵义市区中心,山上有集中连片的马尾松林570．33hm^2,主要树种为马尾松,与遵义县龙坑镇松材线虫病疫点直线距离不足15km。该片松林所处的政治地位、生态地位、社会地位都具有特别重要的位置,对于如何保护好山上的一草一木,使该片马尾松林免遭松材线虫病的毁灭性危害,笔者提出预防设想与对策。     

Changes in Soil Properties under Two Different Management Systems in the Western Amazon

Upland soils in the Amazon basin are often highly weathered and therefore possess low plant-available nutrient contents. Soil fertility is principally maintained by geochemical, biochemical, and biogeochemical processes. Within these processes, the soil microbial biomass is responsible for many of the cycles and transformations of nutrients in soils. The aim of this work was to evaluate the changes in soil fertility, in the form of nitrogen (N) and microbial activity, as indicators of the dynamic of carbon (C) with two extractants [irradiation extraction (IE) and IRGA methods], N, and phosphorus (P) in an upland soil area containing a dystrophic Yellow Latosol (Xanthic Ferralsol) in the western Amazon (Brazil) with succession of two plant covers (citrus or pasture) and management. The study was carried out in two chronosequences: primary forest followed by citrus plantations and primary forest followed by pasture. The results showed that pasture has greater capacity to accumulate organic C and total N than either primary forest or citrus plantation. Removing forest to introduce pasture or citrus plantations influences the soil fertility and microbial biomass of C, N, and P in the soil. Under the edaphoclimatic conditions, the irradiation extraction and IRGA methods all proved efficient in determining the soil microbial C activity. In addition, regardless of the depth of soil, the predominant N form is ammonium (NH₄ ⁺).     

Fine-Root Production and Aboveground Development for Loblolly Pine,Silver Maple,and Cottonwood

Fine-root production was studied in recently established loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), and cottonwood (Populus deltoides) biomass plantations. Dry weights of fine roots produced in ingrowth cores were recorded from April 2008 to March 2009 to quantify the temporal variation of fine-root production among the species. Similarly, fine-root production was compared to the monthly height and diameter increments, soil temperature, and moisture content. Species showed no significant difference in fine-root production; however, fine-root production varied by month. Fine-root production in September was significantly different from that of December and January combined, February, and May. Loblolly pine produced 49 g m^?2, whereas silver maple and cottonwood produced 37 g m^?2 and 35 g m^?2 of fine roots, respectively, during the study period. Fine-root production was not correlated with height increment, diameter increment, soil temperature, and soil moisture.     

Changes in the characteristics of potting media with time

Abstract

Growing media for container plants composed of pine bark, peat and sand were evaluated before, during and after five months with ryegrass as the test plant in the greenhouse. Hydraulic conductivity of these materials is very rapid resulting in rapid loss of nutrients, even for the controlled‐release type fertilizers. Channels developed on the perimeter of the growing medium ball adjacent to the container wall resulting in a concentration of plant roots in this zone. Considerable shrinkage or compaction of the media occurred during the five months growth period, especially for peat. Movement of sand was observed for the very porous materials and found to accumulate as a layer lower in the container. All nutrients added were exhausted after 3 months, even for the controlled‐release types of fertilizers.     

Optimum nutrient levels in a container growing medium determined by a saturated aqueous extract

Abstract

Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) seedlings were grown for 15 weeks over a range of nutrient regimes to calibrate a test procedure used for monitoring nutrient status of a common container growing medium. The test was based on a saturated aqueous extract of the growing medium, obtained by suction displacement. Seedling growth and nutrition exhibited typical responses of deficiency, sufficiency, luxury consumption and toxicity over the range of substrate fertility examined. Water extractable nutrients of the growing medium were related to yield and nutrient uptake of the seedlings. Ranges of nutrient levels associated with maximum dry matter production were selected as provisional values for optimum growth of containerized red pine seedlings. The following critical nutrient levels were considered optimum for red pine seedlings managed under similar cultural conditions: 15–65 ppm N (as NH₄ ⁺), 35–95 ppm P, 25–115 ppm K, 30–60 ppm Ca, 15–35 ppm Mg, and electrical conductivity of 1.0–2.2 dS/m.     

泥质海岸盐碱地刺槐-杨树混交林改土效果研究

在北方泥质海岸盐碱地采用工程整地措施修筑台田,于台田上布置刺槐纯林、杨树纯林、刺槐—杨树混交林3种树种配置模式,对混交林及纯林的降盐改土效果进行研究。结果表明,11a后3种林分类型基本郁闭,保存率为63%～72%,郁闭度为0.6～0.7。混交林的树高、胸径优于纯林。3种模式脱盐作用范围在0—70cm土层;在50—70cm这一土层形成了养分亏缺层。混交林可提高林地土壤有机质含量;0—100cm全氮含量的土壤剖面分布规律与有机质相似,3种模式土壤全磷含量变幅不大,总体表现为磷素总量不足,有效性低。因子分析表明刺槐—杨树混交林降盐改土效果好于杨树纯林,也好于刺槐纯林,能够改善泥质海岸盐碱地土壤肥力状况,可作为一项成功的造林模式进行推广应用。     

黄河三角洲退化刺槐林不同改造方式对土壤酶活性及理化性质的影响

采用野外典型抽样调查和室内分析测定相结合的方法,选取黄河三角洲重度退化刺槐林的4种改造方式,即棉田、白蜡林、白蜡+刺槐(混交林)、白蜡+棉花(农林间作),以未改造的重度退化刺槐林地作为对照,对改造5a后的土壤酶活性、土壤容重、孔隙度、盐碱状况及养分含量进行了测定分析。结果表明:(1)4种改造方式都不同程度地增加了土壤磷酸酶、脲酶活性,降低了多酚氧化酶活性。过氧化物酶虽有增加趋势,但差异不显著。多酚氧化酶和脲酶活性排序均为:混交林>白蜡林>农林间作>棉田;混交林、农林间作、白蜡林、棉田改造方式下的磷酸酶活性分别是对照的3.5,3.2,1.7,1.6倍。(2)改造林地的土壤容重、含盐量均表现降低趋势,其均值大小均表现为:混交林<农林间作<白蜡林<棉田,分别比对照下降14.5%,12.3%,9.0%,7.7%和35.3%,27.9%,13.2%,7.4%;总孔隙度表现为增大趋势,棉田、白蜡林改造方式表现出一定的增碱负效应。(3)改造后土壤养分增加显著,土壤有机质及有效N,P,K总体表现为混交林改造方式下最高,农林间作高于白蜡林,棉田波动较大。混交林和农林间作改造方式对土壤酶活性及理化性质的总体改善效果较好,建议作为重度退化刺槐林的主要改造方式进行推广。     

太行山区不同人工林林冠截留降水的比较研究

林冠截留降水是林地水分循环中重要的水文过程。通过穿透降雨和树干径流自动采集系统对太行山区油松和侧柏两种典型人工林在天然降雨条件下林冠截留降水的生态水文过程进行了分析。结果表明,两种林分林冠截留和树干径流的过程都与林外降雨呈正相关关系。油松林冠截留降水的能力明显强于侧柏,而截留降水转化为树干径流流量则小于侧柏。油松林冠次降雨截留降水率约为18.9%,其中大约3.5%的截留降水转化为树干径流,大约81.7%的降水到达地面;侧柏林冠次降雨截留降水率约为13.3%,其中大约8.9%的截留降水转化为树干径流,大约88.9%的降水达地面。从林冠截留功能的角度分析,在太行山区进行人工造林时,坡度较缓山丘地区适宜种植侧柏,坡度较陡的山岭地区适宜种植油松。     

Short‐ and medium‐term evolution of soil properties in Atlantic forest ecosystems affected by wildfires

The immediate effect of low and high severity wildfires on the main soil properties, as well as their short‐ and medium‐term evolution under field conditions, was examined. The study was performed with three pine forest soils (two Leptosols and one Humic Cambisol, developed over granite and basic schist, respectively), located in the Atlantic humid temperate zone (Galicia, NW Spain). Samples were collected from the A‐horizon (0–5 cm depth) of the burnt and the corresponding unburnt soils, immediately and 3, 6 and 12 months after the wildfires. Most properties analysed exhibit immediate fire‐induced changes and different evolution depending on fire severity and soil type. In general, immediately after the fire pH and soil properties related to nutrients availability increased and cation exchange capacity decreased, whereas properties related to soil organic matter content (C, N, Fe and Al oxides) had a variable effect depending mainly on the soil studied; all these modifications were accentuated by fire severity. These effects were attenuated in the short term in the soil affected by a low severity wildfire, but they lasted for at least 1 year in the soils affected by high severity wildfires, particularly in the Leptosols. The results showed the importance of the fire as a disturbance agent in the dynamic of nutrients and soil organic matter that is directly related with soil quality in the Galician forest ecosystems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广东主要茶区春季杂草群落调查与区域差异分析

探明广东茶园春季杂草基本情况,为茶园杂草防控提供基础数据。2020年3—5月,在广东省粤东、粤西、粤北3个茶叶主产区31个茶园共620块样方开展茶园杂草群落调查,采用七级目测法,记录样方杂草种类及生长优势等级。调查共发现杂草313种,出现频度高于10%的杂草有126种,其中菊科杂草23种、禾本科12种、茜草科8种、蔷薇科7种、唇形科6种、蓼科5种、豆科4种,以上7个科共包含杂草65种,占据126种杂草的51.5%。出现频度前10杂草分别为小蓬草Erigeron canadensis(83.87%)和菝葜Smilax china(80.65%)、鸭跖草Commelina communis(77.42%)、积雪草Centella asiatica(74.19%)、野茼蒿Crassocephalum crepidioides(74.19%)、酢浆草Oxalis corniculata(74.19%)、地菍Melastoma dodecandrum(70.97%)、鬼针草Bidens pilosa(70.97%)、长萼堇菜Viola inconspicua(67.74%)、一点红Emilia sonchifolia(67.74%)。生长优势度前10杂草分别为小蓬草(17.42%)、鬼针草(17.19%)、鸭跖草(17.10%)、酢浆草(15.11%)、假臭草Praxelis clematidea(12.58%)、白茅Imperata cylindrica(12.19%)、野茼蒿(12.06%)、阔叶丰花草Spermacoce alata(10.90%)、红花酢浆草Oxalis corymbosa(10.65%)、地菍(9.81%)。粤东、粤西和粤北茶区优势杂草存在显著差别,粤东地区以鬼针草、小蓬草、华南鳞盖蕨Microlepia hancei等杂草为主;粤西茶区以阔叶丰花草、微甘菊Mikania micrantha、鸭跖草、假臭草等杂草为主;粤北茶区以小蓬草、空心泡Rubus rosifolius、白茅为主。调查初步探明广东主要茶区春季杂草分布状况,为各茶区杂草防控提供数据支持。