考虑陀螺效应的动力总成悬置系统分析和优化

应用陀螺力学理论,对传统动力总成悬置系统的无阻尼动力学方程进行修正,引入陀螺矩阵,得到新的动力学方程。对新的动力总成悬置系统动力学模型进行计算分析,研究了陀螺矩阵对频域、时域响应的影响。使用遗传算法分别对修改前后的方程进行优化计算,并进行比较分析。结果表明,对于低转速发动机,曲轴转动的陀螺效应不明显,而对于高转速的发动机,陀螺效应不能忽略,应以考虑陀螺力矩的方程为基础进行设计分析。     

Marine Cyclic Peptides: Antimicrobial Activity and Synthetic Strategies

Oceans are a rich source of structurally unique bioactive compounds from the perspective of potential therapeutic agents. Marine peptides are a particularly interesting group of secondary metabolites because of their chemistry and wide range of biological activities. Among them, cyclic peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities, including against bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Moreover, there are several examples of marine cyclic peptides revealing interesting antimicrobial activities against numerous drug-resistant bacteria and fungi, making these compounds a very promising resource in the search for novel antimicrobial agents to revert multidrug-resistance. This review summarizes 174 marine cyclic peptides with antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, or antiviral properties. These natural products were categorized according to their sources—sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, crabs, marine bacteria, and fungi—and chemical structure—cyclic peptides and depsipeptides. The antimicrobial activities, including against drug-resistant microorganisms, unusual structural characteristics, and hits more advanced in (pre)clinical studies, are highlighted. Nocathiacins I–III (91–93), unnarmicins A (114) and C (115), sclerotides A (160) and B (161), and plitidepsin (174) can be highlighted considering not only their high antimicrobial potency in vitro, but also for their promising in vivo results. Marine cyclic peptides are also interesting models for molecular modifications and/or total synthesis to obtain more potent compounds, with improved properties and in higher quantity. Solid-phase Fmoc- and Boc-protection chemistry is the major synthetic strategy to obtain marine cyclic peptides with antimicrobial properties, and key examples are presented guiding microbiologist and medicinal chemists to the discovery of new antimicrobial drug candidates from marine sources.     

Natural Marine Products: Anti-Colorectal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo

Colorectal cancer, a malignant tumor with high mortality, has a poor prognosis due to drug resistance and toxicity in clinical surgery and chemotherapy. Thus, finding safer and more efficient drugs for clinical trials is vital and urgent. Natural marine compounds, with rich resources and original chemical structures, are applied widely in anticancer treatments. We provide a systematic overview of recently reported marine compounds such as alkaloids, peptides, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The in vitro studies summarized the marine origins and pharmacological mechanisms, including anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-migration, anti-invasion, the acceleration of cycle arrest, and the promotion of tumor apoptosis, of various compounds. The in vivo studies outlined the antitumor effects of marine compounds on colorectal cancer model mice and evaluated their efficacy in terms of tumor inhibition, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. The clinical studies summarized the major chemical classifications and targets of action of the clinical drugs that have entered clinical approval and completed approval for marine anticancer. In summary, we present the current situation regarding the application of natural anti-colorectal cancer marine compounds and prospects for their clinical application.     

不同密度巨桉林草复合模式初期土壤特征研究

在株距为1.5 m,行距分别为3、4、5、6、8 m,相应初植密度为2222、1667、1333、1111、833株/hm25种不同密度的巨桉林中,设置3种巨桉林草复合种植模式:巨桉+鸭茅(简称模式Ⅰ)、巨桉+高羊茅(模式Ⅱ)、巨桉+牛鞭草(模式Ⅲ)。对该复合模式土壤特征进行了定位研究。初期结果显示:土壤物理性质(容重、非毛管孔隙度与总孔隙度)均有一定程度的改善;土壤有机质变化3种模式大体一致,表现为5月>11月>8月,水解氮动态变化则表现为8月>5月>11月,而有效P与速效K均表现为5月>8月>11月;方差分析表明,3种模式间土壤各速效养分变化差异均达到显著水平(P<0.05),但由于处于林草复合模式初期,不同密度间变化差异尚不太明显。综合土壤养分动态变化与已有相关研究结果,初步认为模式Ⅲ(巨桉+牛鞭草模式)为该地比较适宜的种植模式。     

氯溴异氰尿酸在烟叶及其土壤中的残留分析及消解动态

建立了烟叶及其土壤中氯溴异氰尿酸残留的检测方法,并测定了氯溴异氰尿酸在烟叶及其土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。样品经乙腈提取,三氯甲烷、石油醚萃取后,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC-UV)检测。结果表明:在0.01~0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,氯溴异氰尿酸在鲜烟叶、干烟叶和土壤中的平均回收率分别为82.7% ~91.6%、89.2% ~91.8%和89.2% ~94.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.1% ~3.9%、2.6% ~5.5%和1.5% ~4.6%,方法的检出限(LOD)均为0.003 mg/kg, 定量限(LOQ)均为0.01 mg/kg。田间消解动态结果表明,氯溴异氰尿酸在烟叶及其土壤中消解较快,半衰期分别为3.94~4.25 d和2.83~3.41d,施药后14d,其在烟叶和土壤中的消解率均达90%以上。氯溴异氰尿酸可湿性粉剂按有效成分600 g/hm2(推荐高剂量)和900 g/hm2(1.5倍推荐高剂量)于烟草现蕾期对水喷雾施药3~4次,距末次施药后间隔21d采样,烟叶中氯溴异氰尿酸的残留量为1.47~3.52 mg/kg,土壤中的残留量为未检出~0.43 mg/kg。     

荒漠草原不同放牧制度群落现存量与营养物质动态研究

在短花针茅荒漠草原，比较研究了不同放牧制度对群落现存量与营养物质动态的影响，结果表明，划区轮牧和对照区牧草现存量差异不明显，但高于自由放牧区。轮牧和对照区群落现存量变化呈先增加，然后又下降的动态规律，自由放牧植物现存量几乎一直呈下降趋势。与轮牧和对照区相比，自由放牧区牧草在生长初期粗蛋白质、粗灰分、磷的含量均较高，粗纤维含量较低，生长后期则相反。     

关键环境因子对桃小食心虫出土羽化动态的影响

为明确有效积温、土壤含水量对桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura出土羽化的影响,在室内控制土壤温、湿度的条件下测定了越冬代和第1代各生命阶段的有效积温,于2010—2015年在山西省临县枣园对越冬幼虫和成虫动态进行调查,并对田间土壤温度和含水量进行系统监测。结果表明:桃小食心虫室内越冬幼虫出土积温为258.2日度;而受5月份首次有效降雨日的影响,田间出土积温存在384.2~764.6日度的年度变化。土壤含水量对越冬幼虫出土模式及出土率有显著影响。持续干旱或土壤高湿均可导致双峰现象,土壤高湿的频繁出现还可显著降低幼虫出土率。通过6年田间监测数据的分析表明,越冬幼虫首现日与有效降雨日无显著相关性,而首现日有效积温(y)与降雨日有效积温(x)呈极显著正相关,回归方程为y=0.7758x+188.16(r=0.997,P0.001)。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒研究进展

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒杀虫剂是一种新型的生物农药,从分子生物学、病毒流行学、对非靶标生物的毒性、工厂化生产及田间药效等方面阐述了斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的研究进展.     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂新疆种群形态特征及其与烟粉虱的时空动态比较

为了解烟粉虱的寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂的特征、发生规律,观察了其新疆种群的形态特征,于2012年在田间比较了该寄生蜂在棉花、甜瓜、茄子和辣椒上与烟粉虱的时空动态。结果表明,在辣椒上海氏桨角蚜小蜂成虫发生期最早,7月5日始见成虫;在4种作物上海氏桨角蚜小蜂和烟粉虱成虫分别在茄子和甜瓜上的发生数量最多,单叶虫口数量最高分别为16.12和66.47头;除辣椒外,在其它作物上成蜂的发生期比烟粉虱成虫约晚20 d,而被寄生的烟粉虱若虫与未被寄生的若虫时空动态较吻合;烟粉虱和海氏桨角蚜小蜂在植株上的成虫数量均表现出明显的上部中部下部的分布特征。研究表明,与烟粉虱比较,海氏桨角蚜小蜂新疆种群的时空动态表现出明显的滞后性和跟随效应,且其可能对寄主植物有一定的选择性。     

黄河下游影响带地下水系统动力学特征

以黄河下游影响带地下水系统为例,介绍了地下水系统的动力学特征分析方法,计算了其动力学特征指标:Hurst指数为0.91~0.97、Kolmogorov熵为0.054~0.081、最大Lyapunov指数均大于零、分维数为2.50~3.36。分析结果表明:黄河下游影响带地下水系统的各子系统都具有混沌性;Hurst指数刻划了系统的开放程度和受外界干扰程度;分形维描述了非线性系统的复杂程度。