长江中下游平原湖区汛期稻田水管理

从长江中下游平原湖区农业生产与防洪除涝相结合的角度，就保持必要的稻田种植面积和江河汛期稻田水管理进行了探讨，提出利用水稻不同时期的耐涝性，科学地调控稻田蓄水深度，以减轻提排压力和防洪压力，促进本区社会经济持续发展。     

铜污染土壤修复的有机调控研究Ⅲ.EDTA和低分子量有机酸的效应

通过盆栽试验研究了EDTA和低分子量有机酸对土壤溶液性质、土壤铜形态变化和印度芥菜生长及铜吸收的影响。结果表明 ,施用pH6.3的EDTA溶液 ( 3mmolkg- 1 )显著地增加了土壤溶液铜 ,特别是难解离态铜的含量 ,其消长规律与土壤溶液TOC的变化相一致 ,也显著地增加土壤NH4NO3提取态和NH4OAc提取态铜量 ,但对芥菜生长没有显著影响。EDTA的加入显著地增加芥菜各组织铜浓度和铜吸收量 ,从而增加了芥菜的铜总吸收量 ,提高了植物修复效率。施用 3mmolkg- 1 pH6.3的草酸、柠檬酸或苹果酸对土壤铜含量及其形态分配和芥菜生长及铜吸收均无明显影响     

塔里木河中下游湿地及其周边土壤理化性状的空间异质性

研究塔里木河中下游湿地及其周边土壤理化性状,包括土壤粒度组成、土壤水分、盐分、pH和养分的空间异质性结果表明:大范围分布的土壤质地以沙质或粉沙质壤土为主,少数属壤质沙土或粉沙土,不同类型土地或植被条件下土壤粒度组成存在差异;土壤水分的空间分布特征反映了塔里木河中下游湿地的旱化现象;广泛分布的盐土、盐渍化土和碱化土表现出对植物生长发育的明显胁迫作用;土壤有机质、全N和全P总体贫乏,全K含量较高,反映了干旱区湿地土壤的特点。     

2003年渭河下游洪灾分析及防洪对策

 2003年渭河下游洪灾是渭河上中游地区生态恶化、水土流失严重,入渭泥沙增多、泥沙大量淤积在下游河道,抬高下游河床,南山支流堤防质量差和排洪通道不畅等因素所致。渭河下游防洪存在着泥沙大量淤积、河势不稳多变、南山支流堤防标准低、水患威胁日益严重等问题,渭河防洪对策是在渭河全流域开展水土流失综合治理和加高加固防洪大堤和南山支流堤防、加强河道整治工程等措施。     

塔里木河下游生态输水及河道生态整治工程探讨

通过近几年向塔里木河下游的应急生态输水，水流到达塔里木河尾间台特玛湖，沿岸地下水位上升，沿河部分地段植被长势得以恢复，局部地区生态环境改善。为了从根本上解决塔里木河下游的生态环境问题．探讨了下游河道生态整治工程，包括河道疏浚输水线路选择和设置生态闸的问题。大西海子水库下游河道疏浚工程有3条输水线路可供选择，通过投资、占地、施工、管理、防洪等综合比较，选择在大西海子水库主坝上新建一座放水闸方案。方案在技术上和经济上是可行的。本着尽量少而又要满足河道疏浚后沿岸植被生长需水的原则，分析了沿岸生态闸设置的必要性和保护的生态植被的面积，并探讨了今后生态输水方式的选择与生态闸的开启顺序。     

A Novel Particle Contact Assay with the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background   Numerous xenobiotics released into surface waters are transferred to suspended particulate matter and finally attached to sediments. Aquatic organisms may be exposed to them by direct particle feeding, by physical contact with contaminated surfaces as an exposure route, and by the uptake of dissolved contaminants after equilibration via the free water phase. In order to assess potential sediment toxicity, each of these exposure routes has to be addressed. This paper presents a newly developed particle contact assay that uses the fermentation performance of a specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for the assessment of toxic effects in sediments. The test procedure is based on the characteristic feature of growing yeast cells to attach to sediment particles, which are also relevant for the accumulation of contaminants. The physical contact with lipophilic contaminants mirrors an exposition pathway for the direct uptake into the cells. In order to quantitatively characterize the toxic effects of particle attached pollutants on the fermentation performance, unpolluted native reference sediment was spiked with representatives for widely distributed anthropogenic contaminants. Methods   Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established as sensitive eukaryotic microorganism for the ecotoxicological assessment of particle attached anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater sediments. For this purpose, yeast cells were cultivated in sediment samples and the resulting fermentation performance was continuously measured. Sediments artifically spiked with HCB, PCB, g-HCH, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene and solutions of each contaminant were comparatively investigated by means of their adverse effects on yeast fermentation performance. Additionally, four native river sediments characterized by increasing levels of pollution were assessed by the yeast particle contact assay, and simultaneously by standard aquatic tests with algae, daphniae, and luminescent bacteria using pore water and elutriates. Results of the bioassays were related to specific sediment contamination with respect to metals and organic priority pollutants. Results and Discussion   In sediments spiked with PCB and benzo(a)pyrene fermentation, performance was affected extensively below concentrations inhibiting fermentation in contaminant solutions. This suggests a high efficiency of the exposure route by physical contact. The fermentation performance was only slightly affected by single lipophilic pollutants, whereas mixtures of individually spiked sediments caused critically reduced fermentation performance suggesting additive synergistic effects. Native river sediments modestly to critically polluted by hazardous organic compounds lead to a slightly to dangerously reduced fermentation performance in the yeast contact assay. These inhibitory effects were much less pronounced in the standard bioassays conducted with algae, daphniae and luminescent bacteria, applying pore waters and elutriates as sample matrices. Using pore water, inhibition was measured only in the most polluted sediment, elutriates lead to a slight inhibition of the algal growth in the undiluted sample only. These results indicate an improved sensitivity of the yeast particle contact assay compared to the standard assays, due to uptake and physical cell contact as additional routes of exposure. Conclusion   The yeast particle contact assay is a valuable tool for the assessment of ecotoxicological potential in freshwater sediments. Since the assay addresses physical contact as an exposure route, it indicates bioavailability of lipophilic compounds in sediments. Outlook   The sensitive indication of bioavailable contaminants associated to sediment particles by the newly developed yeast particle contact assay recommends it as a complementary microbial bioassay in a test battery for assessing major pathways of contaminants in whole sediments.     

液黏传动及其在人造板生产设备中的应用探讨

液体黏性传动是一门新兴技术，是利用液体的黏性来传递动力的一种传动装置。将其应用于人造板生产中的大功率、大转矩设备上，可以降低电动机的额定功率，改善设备的启动性能及调节性能，节约能源，值得在人造板生产设备中应用和推广。     

Bound and unextractable pesticidal plant residues: chemical characterization and consumer exposure

Plants are well known to incorporate pesticides into bound and unextractable residues that resist solubilization in common laboratory solvents and are therefore not accessible to standard residue analysis. A characterization of such residues has been proposed for incorporation rates above trigger values of 0.05 mg kg(-1) parent pesticide equivalents, or percentage values of 10% (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1995) or 25% (Commission of the European Communities, 1997) of the total radioactive residue. These trigger values are often exceeded. The present review describes the current status of the chemical characterization and animal bioavailability of bound and unextractable residues that may be xenobiotic in nature or result from natural recycling of simple degradation products. The latter case represents a mechanism of detoxification. Bound residues have been shown to be covalent or non-covalent in nature. With regard to the plant matrix molecules involved, incorporation into proteins, lignins, pectins, hemicelluloses and cutins has been demonstrated, and four covalent linkage types are known. Animal feeding experiments have revealed cases of low as well as high bioavailability. Many of the studies are limited by experimental uncertainties and by results only being reported as relative percentage values rather than absolute exposure. A preliminary value of absolute exposure from bound and unextractable residues is derived here for the first time from eight case studies. The mean exposure (ca 1.5 mg kg(-1) pesticidal equivalents) exceeds some of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) of residual free pesticides that are typically in the range of 0.05-1 mg kg(-1). A mathematical framework for the correction of current maximum residue levels is presented for cases of highly bioavailable bound residues. As bound pesticidal residues in food plants could represent a source of significant consumer exposure, an experimental test scheme is proposed here. It consists of basic chemical characterization, model digestibility tests and, in exceptional cases, animal bioavailability and additional toxicological studies.     

孔雀河中下游土壤特性及开发利用区划--以尉犁县生态园区为例

2000年对尉犁县生态园区进行了测图、土壤和生物资源调查,同时对土壤理化性质进行分析。结果表明：该区土壤主要类型有：盐土、盐化和碱化林灌草甸土、风沙土、草甸土等;土壤特性为：盐分含量大,特别是碱性强;土地资源评价：农耕地为一、二、三等宜农地,其余为二等宜农、宜林、宜牧地,限制因素为土壤盐、碱含量和质地;土地资源条件为：地下水位高、风沙大、部分土地受洪水淹没、农业灌溉缺水、生态环境恶化等;该区基本代表了塔里木河～孔雀河中下游地区的土壤气候特性。土地开发利用原则以生态环境保护为主,低产农田改良为辅,方案为：将受盐、碱限制的部分二等地和全部三等土地,进行退耕还林(草),共划分出6个区：生态胡杨林保护区、高效农业利用区、退耕还林防洪区、退耕还草改土区、旅游开发区、湿地保护区。     

青海省湟源县本地黄牛四项血清钙指标的测定

对30头湟源县本地黄牛的4项血清钙指标进行了测定。结果表明：犊牛的血清总钙、血清结合钙和血清游离钙含量均显著高于成年牛（P＜0．01），而两者的血清游离钙百分率相似（P＞0．05）。