塔里木河下游生态输水前后生态与环境的动态变化研究

早在4000年前的原社社会,塔里木河(以下简称塔河)下游绿色走廊已经形成。在近百年的历史中,前20年是绿色走廊的兴盛时期,自20世纪20年代中期以后,绿色走廊开始近代历史上的衰败过程,特别是近50年来塔里木河上中游的水土开发活动,使得下游地区的来水量骤减并中断有近30年的历史,从而引发了下游绿色走廊的逐步走向衰败、土地荒漠化趋势加剧等生态环境恶化问题。为了改善塔河下游地区的生态与环境、抑制土地退化的加剧、挽救濒临灭绝的下游天然植被,截止2005年11月共向该地区输水7次,断流30年的塔里木河下游完成了第四次应急输水后,大体达到维系下游生态的必须水量,输水使河道两侧植被生长状况发生明显改善,生物呈多样化变化。笔者在1998年5月,2002年10月和2004年5月三次对塔河中、下游地区进行实地考察获得了第一手资料,本文在前人研究的成果基础上和实地考察资料相结合,对塔里木河下游生态输水前后生态与环境的动态变化进行探讨。     

A Novel Particle Contact Assay with the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (8 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background   Numerous xenobiotics released into surface waters are transferred to suspended particulate matter and finally attached to sediments. Aquatic organisms may be exposed to them by direct particle feeding, by physical contact with contaminated surfaces as an exposure route, and by the uptake of dissolved contaminants after equilibration via the free water phase. In order to assess potential sediment toxicity, each of these exposure routes has to be addressed. This paper presents a newly developed particle contact assay that uses the fermentation performance of a specific Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain for the assessment of toxic effects in sediments. The test procedure is based on the characteristic feature of growing yeast cells to attach to sediment particles, which are also relevant for the accumulation of contaminants. The physical contact with lipophilic contaminants mirrors an exposition pathway for the direct uptake into the cells. In order to quantitatively characterize the toxic effects of particle attached pollutants on the fermentation performance, unpolluted native reference sediment was spiked with representatives for widely distributed anthropogenic contaminants. Methods   Saccharomyces cerevisiae was established as sensitive eukaryotic microorganism for the ecotoxicological assessment of particle attached anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater sediments. For this purpose, yeast cells were cultivated in sediment samples and the resulting fermentation performance was continuously measured. Sediments artifically spiked with HCB, PCB, g-HCH, DDT, and benzo(a)pyrene and solutions of each contaminant were comparatively investigated by means of their adverse effects on yeast fermentation performance. Additionally, four native river sediments characterized by increasing levels of pollution were assessed by the yeast particle contact assay, and simultaneously by standard aquatic tests with algae, daphniae, and luminescent bacteria using pore water and elutriates. Results of the bioassays were related to specific sediment contamination with respect to metals and organic priority pollutants. Results and Discussion   In sediments spiked with PCB and benzo(a)pyrene fermentation, performance was affected extensively below concentrations inhibiting fermentation in contaminant solutions. This suggests a high efficiency of the exposure route by physical contact. The fermentation performance was only slightly affected by single lipophilic pollutants, whereas mixtures of individually spiked sediments caused critically reduced fermentation performance suggesting additive synergistic effects. Native river sediments modestly to critically polluted by hazardous organic compounds lead to a slightly to dangerously reduced fermentation performance in the yeast contact assay. These inhibitory effects were much less pronounced in the standard bioassays conducted with algae, daphniae and luminescent bacteria, applying pore waters and elutriates as sample matrices. Using pore water, inhibition was measured only in the most polluted sediment, elutriates lead to a slight inhibition of the algal growth in the undiluted sample only. These results indicate an improved sensitivity of the yeast particle contact assay compared to the standard assays, due to uptake and physical cell contact as additional routes of exposure. Conclusion   The yeast particle contact assay is a valuable tool for the assessment of ecotoxicological potential in freshwater sediments. Since the assay addresses physical contact as an exposure route, it indicates bioavailability of lipophilic compounds in sediments. Outlook   The sensitive indication of bioavailable contaminants associated to sediment particles by the newly developed yeast particle contact assay recommends it as a complementary microbial bioassay in a test battery for assessing major pathways of contaminants in whole sediments.     

塔里木河下游不同地下水埋深下的土壤种子库特征

本研究根据长期地下水位的监测资料和土壤种子库的萌发试验,分析了塔里木河下游不同地下水埋深下植物样地土壤种子库特征。结果显示,在干旱地区,地下水埋深的高低不仅影响地上植被群落的种类和组成,而且也对土壤种子库的密度和组成具有明显的影响。随着地下水埋深逐渐下降,种子库密度减少、物种多样性下降、生活型逐渐单一。同时地上植被群落与土壤种子库的相似性系数也逐渐降低。本研究不仅有助于丰富国内外关于干旱区土壤种子库的理论研究,而且有利于指导塔里木河下游正在开展的大规模生态恢复实践。     

黄淮和长江中下游冬麦区小麦品种(系)农艺性状及其聚类分析

气候变暖对我国乃至世界小麦育种和生产有很大影响。为了研究我国不同生态麦区小麦品种(系)农艺性状适应气候变化调控机理,本研究以黄淮冬麦区北片和南片及长江中下游冬麦区的20个当前大面积推的小麦品种、新审定品种和新选育品系为试验材料,在黄淮冬麦区北片河北省石家庄市种植,在返青期前对其抗旱抗冻性、根冠比和叶片干重与鲜重比进行调查;收获后对株高、穗长、穗下节间长、分蘖数、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、单株生物量、单株粒重、经济系数等10个农艺性状进行了考种和相关、聚类和主成分分析。结果表明,不同麦区小麦品种(系)苗期的抗旱抗冻性为黄淮冬麦区北片黄淮冬麦区南片长江中下游冬麦区。三大生态麦区的单株粒重与分蘖数、穗粒数、单株生物量、经济系数均呈极显著正相关,黄淮冬麦区南片和长江中下游冬麦区呈显著和极显著的农艺性状相对较多,说明这两个生态麦区的品种有很大的相似性;但不同生态麦区其他农艺性状正负相关各有一定差异。在欧氏距离20处,20个小麦品种(系)被聚类为长江中下游冬麦区和黄淮冬麦区南片品种(系)(第Ⅰ类)及黄淮冬麦区北片品种(系)(第Ⅱ类)两个大的生态型;在欧氏距离6处,Ⅰ类又分为分别以‘百农207’‘济麦22’和‘西农979’为代表的3个亚类,Ⅱ类是以‘长旱58’为代表。产量、穗长、株高和经济系数4个主成分因子对10个农艺性状表现型变异累计贡献率为76.39%。‘济麦22’等黄淮冬麦区北片的品种(系)综合得分在前20株中占95%。以上研究结果为小麦适应气候变暖育种和引种示范推广提供了重要参考信息。     

稀植大穗型玉米品种的品比试验

通过对13个稀植大穗品种的品比试验研究,得出了在山西北中部不同生态区如何选择、推广稀植大穗品种的结论:山西北中部平川区高水肥地宜推广种植忻玉106、晋单48号、新45、天塔1号;丘陵旱作区宜推广种植晋单48号、大丰2号、农大364、强盛12号、泽玉4号;在利用秸秆贮青的养殖区宜选用天塔1号、新45,可以粮饲兼顾,收益更高;生产玉米用于加工淀粉可选用晋单48号;连续种植玉米的地块慎选沈单16号、大丰2号、强盛17号、晋单45号、泽玉4号,避免感染丝黑穗病而造成减产。     

醉蝶菌核病Sclertinia sclerotiorum Lib de Bary的初步研究

醉蝶菌核病经鉴定是由核盘(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib de Bary)引起的,是我国花卉上的一种新病害。本文着重报道了有关该病原菌生物学特性的初步研究情况。醉蝶菌核病菌在PDA培养基上4d可形成菌核雏形,菌丝的生长最佳温度 22～25℃;对8种碳源的利用在含有阿拉伯糖、麦芽精、葡萄糖的培养基上长势较好,其中蔗糖的最佳;对4种氮源的利用情况是含硝酸氨的培养基上生长最好;在8种不同培养基上菌丝长的最快、菌核形成最多的是Czapek琼脂培养基。     

用低场核磁共振检测水稻浸种过程中种子水分的相态及分布特征

为研究水稻浸种过程中种子的水分相态及其分布特征,利用低场核磁共振快速、无损、准确的检测技术,通过硬脉冲回波序列CPMG(carr-purcell-meiboom-gill sequence)测量水稻种子横向弛豫时间T2,根据横向弛豫时间T2的差异区分种子内部的水分相态及其变化规律。试验结果表明:通过T2反演谱横向弛豫时间T2长短的差异,发现水稻浸种过程中种子内部水分存在结合水、自由水2种水分状态,同时可区分出内层水、中层水、外层水3种水分分层;二者均能通过回归方程合理的估测水稻在浸种过程中种子的吸水率情况;通过T2反演谱信号幅值大小的差异,发现水稻浸种过程中的种子总水含量不断上升,但由于判定依据及划分方式的不同,二者在水分的流动方式上略显差异。低场核磁共振技术对水稻浸种过程中种子内部的水分变化进行了直观的揭示,提供了一种高效的种子水分检测方法。     

2005-2018年澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化及其驱动因素

[目的] 分析澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化规律和驱动机制,为该流域及流经国家的人与自然协调可持续发展提供科学依据。[方法] 以2005,2010,2015和2018年4期遥感影像为数据源,通过景观指数和GIS空间分析方法评价流域景观生态安全,采用双变量空间自相关方法明确城市、道路、河流、高程、坡度、气温和降水等因素对景观生态安全的驱动作用。[结果] ①2005—2018年,澜沧江下游流域的整体景观生态安全度呈先升后降的变化特征。其中,北部和中西部景观生态安全较差,东部、南部和东南部较好,但也有恶化趋势;②各景观类型中,景观生态安全度从大到小为：水域 > 林地 > 草地 > 耕地 > 建设用地 > 裸地。其中,林地和草地的景观生态安全度存在波动,耕地和水域的景观生态安全度一直上升,而建设用地和裸地的景观生态安全度持续下降;③距城市距离、距道路距离、气温和降水等社会和气象因素对景观生态安全时空变化的驱动作用最强,距河流距离也对景观生态安全的时空变化有一定解释作用,而高程和坡度等地形因素并非澜沧江下游流域景观生态安全时空变化的主要驱动因素。[结论] 应尽量降低由人类活动引起的生态环境负荷,积极发挥气象因素对生态安全的正向效应,促进澜沧江下游流域的人与自然协调可持续发展。     

模糊c均值聚类方法在黑河下游土壤属性制图中的初步应用研究

运用模糊c均值聚类方法初步研究了我国典型干旱区黑河下游的土壤属性空间分布规律。通过分析该地区的地形参数(坡度,沿剖面曲率和沿等高线曲率),植被指数(NDVI)及地质数据,设计了16个野外典型样本采集点及9个独立样本用于结果验证。应用室内试验,测定土样的3个属性特征(饱和导水率、土壤容重及土壤含水量)。以模糊隶属度作为权重,运用加权平均法计算得到三组土壤属性的空间分布,结果与9个独立采样点进行对比,无显著性差别。表明该方法在极端干旱区黑河下游地形较平缓地区适用性较强,结果能够满足应用需求,为该区域的地表过程研究提供宝贵的数据支持。     

闽江下游山地巨桉无性系施肥试验研究

对巨桉无性系施用不同肥料组合的试验研究结果表明:以火烧垃圾土做基肥再配施适量的尿素做追肥,组成了有机—无机复混肥体系,其施用效果明显优于纯化肥类肥料组合,不但能明显提高林分生产力、维持地力,而且经济效益较好,充分显示出有机无机混合肥的施用优势;采用火烧垃圾土2 kg.株-1(基肥)+尿素200 g.株-1(追肥)的施肥方案,2年生时林分平均树高、胸径、材积和蓄积分别可达9.41 m、9.51 cm、0.0335 m3和53.72 m3.hm-2,投入产出比高达1∶2.9,经济纯收入是纯化肥类肥料组合的2.0~2.8倍,符合桉树短工林集约经营和持续发展方向,值得推广应用。