类芦对铅镉的吸收动力特性及亚细胞分布规律研究

以南方水土保持植物类芦为研究对象,采用营养液培养的方法,以Pb、Cd为目标污染物,设置不同的胁迫浓度和时间,胁迫后测定类芦体内重金属的含量和亚细胞分布。结果分析发现,类芦体内重金属含量与浓度和时间有显著的关系,可利用Freundlich方程和Michaelis-Menten方程进行拟合,R~20.95,相关性强。通过拟合发现,重金属主要分布在根部,类芦对Pb的吸收能力更强(最高含量达到4 687.87 mg·kg~(-1)),但是对Cd的吸收速率增长更为明显,即类芦在吸收Cd方面有一定的潜力。就亚细胞分布而言,两种重金属均主要分布在细胞壁和可溶组分中,不同浓度和时间处理下,两个组分中的重金属含量共占总量的60%以上。由此说明,类芦对Pb的吸收能力更强,同时,类芦通过改变重金属的亚细胞分布来降低重金属的毒害作用,维持自身的稳态。     

基于近红外光谱的室温贮藏下鲜枣霉菌污染动力学模型

为了预测鲜枣常温贮藏的保鲜期,确保鲜枣的品质要求及食用安全,应用近红外光谱建立了室温贮藏下鲜枣内部霉菌菌落总数变化的动力学模型。通过对几种数据预处理方法的比较及特征波数的选择,实现了鲜枣霉菌菌落总数变化的近红外模型的优选。结果表明:经过多元散射校正处理的鲜枣近红外光谱,应用多元线性回归方法建立的霉菌菌落总数模型预测能力较好,校正集相关系数为0.920,均方根误差为1.503,预测集相关系数为0.889,均方根误差为1.514。同时,将近红外光谱模型应用于霉菌菌落总数随贮藏时间变化的零级反应动力学模型中,得到模型的相关系数为0.981。根据近红外光谱吸光度值与贮藏时间的线性关系,当霉菌菌落总数初始值小于等于10cfu/g时,预测出鲜枣在室温下的保鲜期一般为8d。研究表明,结合动力学模型的近红外光谱技术可以作为一种无损、快速检测方法来检测鲜枣霉菌菌落总数变化。     

不同水稻基因型苗期NO_3~-吸收动力学特征及其受吸收液中NH_4~+的影响

 采用水培方法研究了 12个水稻品种和 2个旱稻品种在苗期 (2 0d)的NO3 -吸收动力学特性及添加吸收液中NH4+ 对NO3 -吸收的影响。结果表明 ,NO3 -吸收的最大速率 (Vmax)为 :旱稻 >水稻 ,籼稻 >粳稻 ,杂交稻 >常规稻。NH4+ 对NO3 -吸收Vmax的影响在基因型间有较大差异 :籼稻受影响小于粳稻 ,杂交稻小于常规稻 ,旱稻基本不受影响。NH4+ 对个别籼稻和旱稻品种的NO3 -吸收甚至有促进作用。NH4+ 对所有供试水稻基因型NO3 -吸收的Km 值影响均很小 ,说明NH4+ 对NO3 -吸收的影响可能主要在于影响细胞膜上NO3 -载体的运转速率而非吸收位点与NO3 -之间的亲和性     

改性木屑处理含铬废水的研究

采用磷酸改性木屑后用于含铬废水吸附处理,探讨废水pH值、处理时间、木屑投加量、处理温度4个因素对铬去除率的影响;并拟合25℃改性木屑吸附处理含铬废水的动力学、等温线方程,估算热力学数据。结果表明:木屑对含铬废水有较强去除力,改性木屑去除力加强;改性木屑处理20ml浓度为50mg/L含铬废水的适宜条件为pH值=1～4,处理时间90min,木屑投加量1g,处理温度20～30℃;改性木屑吸附处理含铬废水的动力学特性符合颗粒内扩散方程和二级吸附速率方程;吸附等温线方程符合Langmuir吸附;25℃吸附过程ΔH=-20.489kJ/mol,ΔS=-78.426J/(mol.K),ΔG=2.89kJ/mol。     

花生壳活性炭吸附染料废水中结晶紫的研究

利用磷酸处理微波照射制备花生壳活性炭,以一定浓度的结晶紫溶液为模拟染料废水,研究了吸附剂粒径、溶液pH值、结晶紫的初始浓度、吸附剂用量、吸附时间、吸附温度对结晶紫吸附性能的影响。结果表明花生壳活性炭是具有高去除率的廉价吸附剂,最大去除率达96%。结晶紫染料在花生壳活性炭上的吸附过程符合二级动力学模型和Freundlich等温吸附方程。     

THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF CARBURIZED MASS-TRANSFER AND ITS MEANINGS

This paper deals with the kinetics of carbon atoms transfer from gas phase to solid phase in gas carburizing. According to the kinetic equations of the chemical reactions on the solid surface, it is deduced that the carbon transfer quantity from gas phase to solid phase is in direct proportion to the difference of carbon activiries between gas phase and solid phase. Based on what is mentioned above, we set up the kinetic equation of carbon transfer from gas phase to solid phase, discussed the factors which affected the carbon transfer. It was known then that increasing the contents of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in gas phase could qu'icken the carbon transfer. On the other hand, proper oxidants, especially proper water, could quicken the carbon transfer.     

十二烷基苯磺酸钠对乐果在水-气界面挥发动力学的影响研究

以有机磷农药乐果为研究对象,研究了不同浓度的阴离子型表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）存在时,乐果在水一气界面的挥发行为,以进一步认识农药的迁移转化规律,为复合污染水体中表面活性剂对有机物挥发的影响提供理论依据。研究结果表明：在试验条件下,乐果水溶液在水-气界面的恒温挥发过程符合一级动力学,并且其挥发行为受到表面活性剂的影响作用显著。不同浓度的表面活性剂对乐果挥发的影响不同,与未加入表面活性剂时乐果的挥发情况相比,当加入的SDBS浓度小于临界胶束浓度（CMC）时对乐果的挥发具有促进作用;当SDBS浓度超过CMC,乐果的挥发行为受到抑制,挥发速率开始变小。     

天鹅湖沉积物对磷的吸附动力学及等温吸附特征

以荣成天鹅湖这一天然泻湖为研究对象,研究了6个样点沉积物对磷的吸附动力学曲线和等温吸附方程,并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附参数间的关系.结果表明,天鹅湖不同区域沉积物对磷的吸附动力学均符合二级动力学方程,吸附反应主要在前10h内完成,且0～2h内反应迅速.根据Langmuir模型,6个样点沉积物对磷的理论吸附容量(Qmax)的范围为294.12～1 111.11 mg/kg,其中湖区北部和中部沉积物的吸附能力高于南部.沉积物对水体中磷的吸附解吸平衡浓度(EPC0)的变幅为0.002 ～ 0.033 mg/L,其与沉积物本底吸附态磷(NAP)呈较弱的正相关关系.本研究条件下,大部分样点的EPC0小于上覆水中磷的浓度,其中湖区西北部和东南部沉积物中磷具有向上覆水体释放的趋势.沉积物的NAP与总氮、有机质、活性铝和黏粒间均呈显著正相关,Qmax与铁铝结合态磷、有机质、活性铝和粉粒间呈显著的正相关关系.活性铝、有机质和粒度是影响沉积物磷吸附的主要因素.     

外源性CNT对3 H-赖氨酸在哈白兔体内代谢动力学的影响

以哈白兔为试验动物,利用同位素示踪法研究外源环核苷酸(CNT)对3H-标记的赖氨酸(3H-Lysine)在动物体内的分布、转运与代谢影响,其示踪动力学可用二室模型来描述:^Y(t)=983.6281e-0.021935t+1773.9999e-0.083932t-983.6281e-0.432590t-0773.9999e-0.050399t+300.2820。研究结果证明,皮下注射95h后,对照组3H-Lysine主要分布于肾脏、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肌肉中;cGMP组中主要分布分布于膀胱、肌肉、肺脏、肠中;cAMP组主要分布于肌肉、胃、肝脏、心脏、生殖器中;cGMP+cAMP组中主要分布于肌肉、膀胱、生殖器、脂肪。同时,心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肌肉、脑、膀胱、肠器官中,皮下注射环核苷酸后均有显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)的变化,说明外源性CNT对赖氨酸在哈白兔血液中的代谢及在组织和器官中分布均有明显影响。     

C and N turnover in structurally intact soils of different texture

The turnover of native and applied C and N in undisturbed soil samples of different texture but similar mineralogical composition, origin and cropping history was evaluated at −10 kPa water potential. Cores of structurally intact soil with 108, 224 and 337 g clay kg⁻¹ were horizontially sliced and ¹⁵N-labelled sheep faeces was placed between the two halves of the intact core. The cores together with unamended treatments were incubated in the dark at 20 °C and the evolution of CO₂-C determined continuously for 177 d. Inorganic and microbial biomass N and ¹⁵N were determined periodically. Net nitrification was less in soil amended with faeces compared with unamended soil. When adjusted for the NO₃-N present in soil before faeces was applied, net nitrification became negative indicating that NO₃-N had been immobilized or denitrified. The soil most rich in clay nitrified least N and ¹⁵N. The amounts of N retained in the microbial biomass in unamended soils increased with clay content. A maximum of 13% of the faeces ¹⁵N was recovered in the microbial biomass in the amended soils. CO₂-C evolution increased with clay content in amended and unamended soils. CO₂-C evolution from the most sandy soil was reduced due to a low content of potentially mineralizable native soil C whereas the rate constant of C mineralization rate peaked in this soil. When the pool of potentially mineralizable native soil C was assumed proportional to volumetric water content, the three soils contained similar proportions of potentially mineralizable native soil C but the rate constant of C mineralization remained highest in the soil with least clay. Thus although a similar availability of water in the three soils was ensured by their identical matric potential, the actual volume of water seemed to determine the proportion of total C that was potentially mineralizable. The proportion of mineralizable C in the faeces was similar in the three soils (70% of total C), again with a higher rate constant of C mineralization in the soil with least clay. It is hypothesized that the pool of potentially mineralizable C and C rate constants fluctuate with the soil water content.