Influence of water quality,local knowledge and river–floodplain connectivity on commercial wild crayfish harvesting in the Atchafalaya River Basin

Water quality and river connectivity influence fisheries, but their role is not understood in wild crayfish harvest, or how water quality and river connectivity are incorporated into crayfish harvest strategies. In Louisiana, wild harvesting practices were evaluated with field observations and interviews with individual harvesters. Field observations included trap locations, water quality, water stable isotopes (2016) and habitat components over two seasons (2015 and 2016). Traps were set in less turbid water (NTU < 69.4), in depths from 1 to 3 m or 3 to 3.6 m and in locations associated with river water inputs. Harvester interviews indicated the importance of tradition (35%‐47% respondents), depth (88% respondents) and water colour (>40% respondents; a surrogate for turbidity and connectivity) in harvesting initiation and trap locations. Harvesters appeared to follow lateral water movements onto and within the floodplain, likely based on local environmental knowledge.     

元素与稳定同位素微化学分析在水产品产地溯源中的应用

随着人们对水产品需求的快速增长,消费者对水产品原产地信息也越来越重视。鉴于以假充真、以次充好的不法行为严重影响消费者和生产者的合法权益,开发更有效的水产品溯源、真伪鉴别及原产地保护体系愈发重要。与此相适应,本文重点综述了基于矿质元素与稳定同位素地理“指纹”溯源技术的基本原理及其在水产品产地溯源中的研究进展,以期为今后相关技术的开发提供理论依据。     

Disentangling the trophic interactions between American bullfrogs and native anurans: Complications resulting from post‐metamorphic ontogenetic niche shifts

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Trophic structure of a landlocked Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus population from southern Baffin Island, Canada

Gallagher CP, Dick TA. Trophic structure of a landlocked Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus population from southern Baffin Island, Canada. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 39–50. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –  Stable isotopes, diet and parasites were used to investigate the trophic structure of landlocked Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus ) from a small Canadian Arctic lake. Two trophic levels of char were identified. The lower trophic level comprised smaller char that consumed mainly invertebrates and harboured low numbers of the cestode plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium spp. while the higher trophic level char were larger, mainly piscivorous and had high numbers of plerocercoids. Procercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp. in copepods are eaten by char where the parasite then differentiates into a plerocercoid. Plerocercoids from smaller fish are transmitted to larger fish by piscivory where they encyst again as plerocercoids until the fish is eaten by a gull. These plerocercoids are a good indicator of trophic level as their numbers accumulate over time in larger fish. The three variables together provided a better resolution of trophic structure than applied separately. For example, plerocercoid numbers plus diet were better predictors of trophic status than stable isotopes in 4–7 year olds, but for char ≥8 years all three variables were complementary. Some char (≥10 years old) were placed in the lower trophic level based on their stable isotope values and had low Diphyllobothrium spp. abundance but were piscivorous and/or cannibalistic. The absence of sexually mature char in the higher trophic group was associated with high numbers of Diphyllobothrium spp. plerocercoids.     

Hydrochemical and stable isotopic assessment of nitrate contamination in an alluvial aquifer underneath a riverside agricultural field

Major ions and stable isotopic (δD_water, δ¹⁸O_water, δ¹⁵N_nitrate, δ¹⁸O_nitrate) measurements in concert with hydrochemical modeling were used in order to elucidate the sources and geochemical processes controlling nitrate contamination of shallow alluvial groundwater underneath a riverside agricultural field in the Buyeo area, Korea. Beneath vegetable fields in the sandy soil, the mean nitrate concentration of groundwater was 148.6 mg/L, which is significantly higher than in groundwater (mean 28.8 mg/L) beneath silty soils underneath rice paddy fields. Nitrogen isotope data indicate that synthetic fertilizers are the predominant source of groundwater nitrate in the study area. Denitrification during recharge through rice paddy soils appears to be responsible for the lower nitrate concentrations in groundwater beneath the silty soil zone. The relationship between nitrogen and oxygen isotope data of nitrate also suggests mixing of two different groundwater bodies with nitrates from the silt zone and the sand zone. Geochemical mass balance modeling on hydrochemical data indicates that various agricultural chemicals such as urea, lime, magnesium sulfate and potassium chloride dissolve in vegetable fields of the sandy zone, resulting in significant enrichment of various solutes such as K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻. As a consequence of over-utilization of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers, the sand zone is characterized by very high nitrate concentrations in the groundwater. This study suggests that a reduction of over-fertilization especially on vegetable fields in the riverside sand zone is required to minimize the nitrate contamination of groundwater. This study also shows that combination of geochemical and isotopic techniques with simple mass balance modeling provides information about the causes and processes of nitrate contamination of groundwater underneath a riverside agricultural field. The study also provides sustainable measures to optimize fertilization rate as an important basis of eco-friendly agriculture.     

滆湖氮污染双同位素溯源与清单统计法对比研究

滆湖位于我国江苏省,湖区主要涉及常州市的武进区、金坛区以及无锡市的宜兴市。密集的人口和发达的工农业造成滆湖水体中的氮素污染严重,污染来源复杂。因此亟待识别水体中的氮素污染来源,为氮素污染治理提供数据参考。本研究以生活污水、化学肥料及工业废水为硝态氮端元,借助氮氧同位素端元混合模型计算出滆湖区域生活污水、化学肥料及工业废水对滆湖硝态氮污染负荷贡献率,分别为22.79%、33.25%、43.96%。同时本研究针对2013年整年滆湖区域调研数据,利用清单统计法,从宏观上量化了一整年3种来源硝态氮负荷贡献量的绝对值,并推算出相对值,分别为42.09%、48.11%、9.80%。两种方法以互补的方式对不同时间尺度上滆湖硝态氮污染负荷进行了表征,为滆湖硝态氮污染的治理提供了科学参考。     

Trophic Ecology of Arapaima sp. in a ria lake—river–floodplain transition zone of the Amazon

Neotropical floodplains are usually productive systems that are maintained by the nutrient, detritus and sediment inputs provided by the main river channel flood pulse. Ria lakes represent a special feature and habitat in the Amazonian floodplains, being characterised by a dendritic morphology and dependence on terrestrial inputs provided by an intricate stream network. Our objective was to evaluate the trophic ecology of the arapaima (Arapaima sp.). We combined stomach content analysis with measurements of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values from dorsal muscle to infer the ontogenetic changes in trophic level and isotopic niche width in floodplain and ria lakes. Arapaima diet was dominated by fish from low trophic positions. While most of the stomachs sampled in the study ria lake were full, empty stomachs predominated in samples taken in the floodplain lakes. These differences indicate that ria lakes may provide better feeding grounds for arapaima during the dry season, presumably because ria lakes are interconnected with a large stream network and the main river channel year round. Nitrogen stable isotope results further indicated an ontogenetic dietary shift in arapaima, with piscivory increasing as a function of length in both environments. Carbon stable isotope analysis indicated that energy sources used by arapaima varied by environment, with arapaima using a greater diversity of food sources in ria lakes than in floodplain lakes. Information about the main carbon sources is useful for fishery management because stakeholders may choose to conserve key vegetal groups to ensure the productivity and diversity of aquatic ecosystems.     

The use of stable isotope ratios δ13C and δ15N to track the incorporation of Ulva and other important dietary ingredients into the gonads of the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla

In this study, we demonstrate how stable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotope analysis can be used to estimate the allocation of specific dietary ingredients, incorporated into four artificially formulated feeds supplemented with varying amounts of dried seaweed Ulva armoricana (0, 50, 150 and 200 g/kg), to the production of gonads by Tripneustes gratilla over a 20‐week growth trial. Results indicate that U. armoricana is an important dietary ingredient for gonad production, accounting for an average of 37.33 ± 1.03% of the isotopic signal recorded for gonads at the end of the growth trial. This is significantly more than fish meal and soya, which only contributed an average of 11.40 ± 1.81 and 3.80 ± 0.09%, respectively, of the isotopic signal of the gonads. Maize and wheat each account for almost 25% of all the dietary ingredients used to formulate the feeds, but their relative contribution to gonad production only averaged 8.55 ± 0.58 and 3.80 ± 0.05%, respectively, among the diets. This indicates that, at least for gonad development, these ingredients may not be required at such high levels. These findings support previous data on the importance of Ulva in abalone and urchin diets, and demonstrate the value of stable isotope analysis for assessing the contribution of specific dietary ingredients in new feed formulations, particularly where growth of specific tissues is being investigated.     

降雨驱动下红壤团聚体的溅蚀特征及周转过程

[目的]研究降雨驱动作用下土壤团聚体受雨滴打击发生破碎和形成的过程,丰富土壤侵蚀研究机理。[方法]基于稀土元素示踪法,对各粒径土壤团聚体同时进行标记。在90 mm/h降雨溅蚀条件下,通过各粒径土壤团聚体(2～5 mm, 0.25～2 mm, 0.053～0.25 mm,<0.053 mm)在不同降雨特征参数(降雨历时、雨滴大小)下的质量变化和稀土元素含量变化,定量分析了团聚体间的周转路径和溅蚀颗粒特征。[结果]降雨驱动作用下,溅蚀量和溅蚀率会随着降雨动能的增加而变大,溅蚀颗粒主要分布于0.25～2 mm粒径范围内;除>2 mm的颗粒为大团聚体直接飞溅产生,<0.25 mm粒级溅蚀颗粒均主要源于大粒级团聚体破碎形成,最高可达到73.83%,其次为该粒级直接被击飞形成,同时会有小粒级颗粒吸附黏结形成;在残余团聚体的动态周转过程中,主要是相邻级别的团聚体间形成和破碎过程占比较高,其中大团聚体破碎产生小团聚体和粉黏粒团聚形成小团聚体分别对原粒级团聚体的破碎和形成方向的贡献率较高,分别达到24.06%～42.15%和36.83%～70.76%,且随着降雨时间的变化,大团聚体首先...