Carbohydrate composition of apoplastic fluids isolated from tomato leaves inoculated with virulent or avirulent races of Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva)

Inoculation of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) with virulent races ofCladosporium fulvum (compatible interactions), resulted in substantial changes of the carbohydrate composition of apoplastic fluids isolated from the leaves, during the course of the infection process. In addition to a decrease in the concentration of the translocation sugar sucrose, a transient accumulation of the hexoses glucose and fructose and an accumulation of the polyol mannitol were observed. The latter coincided with a rising level of mannitol dehydrogenase, an enzyme that reduces fructose to mannitol. Only minor changes were detected in the carbohydrate composition of apoplastic fluids isolated from leaves of uninoculated control plants or plants inoculated with avirulent races ofC. fulvum (incompatible interactions). The fungal metabolite mannitol was not detected in apoplastic fluids isolated from the latter plants.These results suggest that, upon colonization of the intercellular spaces by virulent races ofC. fulvum, apoplastic sucrose is hydrolyzed by a host and/or fungal invertase and the resulting hexoses, glucose and fructose, are converted into mannitol by the fungus. In incompatible tomato-C. fulvum interactions a functional nutritional relationship between plant and fungus is prevented by plant defense responses, which might explain why in these interactions the carbohydrate composition of apoplastic fluids is similar to that of uninoculated control plants.Samenvatting Inoculatie van tomaat (Lycopersicon esculentum) met virulente fysio's vanC. fulvum (compatibele interacties), leidde tot aanzienlijke veranderingen in de koolhydraatsamenstelling van apoplastische vloeistoffen die uit de bladeren werden geïsoleerd in de loop van het infectieproces. Naast een sterke daling van de concentratie van de transportsuiker saccharose, vond er ophoping van de hexoses glucose en fructose en de polyol mannitol plaats. De accumulatie van mannitol ging gepaard met een toename in de activiteit van mannitol dehydrogenase, een enzym dat fructose reduceert tot mannitol. In de koolhydraatsamenstelling van apoplastische vloeistoffen geïsoleerd uit bladeren van niet geïnoculeerde controleplanten, of planten geïnoculeerd met avirulente fysio's vanC. fulvum (incompatibele interacties), werden slechts kleine veranderingen waargenomen. De schimmelmetaboliet mannitol kon niet worden aangetoond in de apoplastische vloeistoffen die uit deze planten werden geïsoleerd.Deze resultaten suggereren dat bij de kolonisatie van de intercellulaire ruimtes door virulente fysio's vanC. fulvum, saccharose uit de apoplast wordt gehydrolyseerd door invertase afkomstig van de plant of de schimmel waarna de ontstane hexoses, glucose en fructose, door de schimmel worden omgezet in mannitol. Bij incompatibele tomaatC. fulvum interacties wordt een functionele voedingsrelatie tussen plant en schimmel voorkomen door het optreden van afweerreacties van de plant, hetgeen kan verklaren waarom in deze interacties de koolhydraatsamenstelling van apoplastische vloeistoffen vergelijkbaar is met die van niet geïnoculeerde controleplanten.     

Dynamic Characteristics of Soil Sucrase and Amylase Activities during Vegetation Degradation in Gahai Wetland北大核心CSCD

In order to study the activities and dynamic characteristics of soil invertase and amylase during the process of vegetation degradation (Non-degradation, Light degradation,Moderate degradation, and Heavy degradation),the filed experiments were conducted in marsh meadow of Gahai wetland in Gannan state,Gansu province. The main results were as following: the average activity values of invertase and amylase activities in 0~100 cm layers varied in different stages of vegetation degradation of marsh meadow, following the order of CK (Non-degradation) > SD (Light degradation) > MD (Moderate degradation) > HD (Heavy degradation). With the increasing of soil layers,the activity of invertase significantly decreased (P<0.05),while the activity of amylase decreased fluctuantly. The activities of enzymes in the surface soil (0~20 cm) accounted for more than 60% of the total activities of each enzyme. The activities of invertase and amylase showed the obvious dynamic characteristics with time in all stages of vegetation degradation. The average activity of invertase in different months was the highest in June (47.07 mg·g-1) and the lowest in August (22.69 mg·g-1). The average activity of amylase was the highest in July,85.18 mg·g-1,while the activity values in other months were low. Correlation analysis showed that soil organic carbon was significantly correlated with invertase and amylase (P<0.01),and soil water content was only significantly correlated with invertase (P<0.01). The results showed that the vegetation degradation in Gahai wetland significantly affects soil invertase and amylase activities,reduces the efficiency of enzymatic reaction,and leads to the deterioration of wetland soil environment. © 2019 Ｊｏｕｒｎａｌ ｏｆ Ｒｅｆｒｉｇｅｒａｔｉｏｎ. All rights reserved.     

单嘧磺隆对土壤呼吸脱氢酶和转化酶活性的影响

通过室内培养研究了不同浓度单嘧磺隆对土壤呼吸强度和土壤脱氢酶活性、转化酶活性的影响。结果表明,单嘧磺隆的影响随单嘧磺隆浓度和作用时间的不同而异,田间推荐剂量下单嘧磺隆对土壤呼吸强度、土壤脱氢酶活性和转化酶活性没有显著持续不良影响。低浓度单嘧磺隆(<0.8μg·g-1)在试验初期轻微刺激土壤微生物的活性,随培养时间延长刺激作用消失;高浓度单嘧磺隆(>4.0μg·g-1)在试验初期显著抑制土壤微生物活性,对土壤呼吸强度的抑制率最高为26.55%,培养12d以后抑制作用消失,土壤呼吸强度恢复到对照水平。极高浓度单嘧磺隆(25μg·g-1)显著抑制土壤转化酶和脱氢酶活性,在25d试验周期内抑制率分别为5.53%～51.72%和16.06%～21.76%。田间推荐剂量单嘧磺隆(0.025μg·g-1)对土壤转化酶有短暂的抑制作用,最高抑制率为20.23%,对脱氢酶没有明显影响。0.25和2.5μg·g-1单嘧磺隆在试验不同时期对土壤酶活性有轻微刺激作用或抑制作用。第8d时,单嘧磺隆显著抑制土壤转化酶活性,且抑制作用和单嘧磺隆浓度表现出正相关(r=0.95),试验结束时单嘧磺隆的影响减弱。     

外源生长素对番茄果实蔗糖代谢关键酶活性及基因表达的影响

以普通栽培型番茄辽园多丽为试验材料,研究了花期施用PCPA对发育过程中的番茄果实糖含量变化、蔗糖代谢关键酶活性及可溶性酸性转化酶基因表达的影响.结果表明,随着番茄果实的发育,可溶性酸性转化酶的活性和酶基因的表达均增强,果糖和葡萄糖的含量也呈递增的趋势,成熟时含量最高.PCPA处理在果实发育的成熟期提高了酸性转化酶的活性,促进了可溶性酸性转化酶基因的表达,增加了果糖和葡萄糖的含量.     

Antioxidative Enzymes and Sucrose Synthase Contribute to Cold Stress Tolerance in Chickpea

Chickpea is sensitive to low temperature (<10°C) during its reproductive stage. Low temperature adversely affects the development of pods and seeds. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of sucrose metabolizing enzymes in seed development and potential of antioxidative enzymes in protecting seeds and podwalls from the deleterious effects of cold stress in advanced cold tolerant chickpea breeding lines. Healthy pod set was observed in these tolerant lines in the end of December where as low temperature susceptible PBG-1 did not flower. Two lines ICCV 96029 and ICCV 96030 showed susceptible characters such as reduced flowering, blackened and shrivelled seeds and yellowish pods in comparison to other cold stress tolerant lines due to sudden dip of temperature (<1 °C) during the first week of January. These two lines were, therefore, treated as susceptible checks in comparison to other tolerant lines. A significantly higher activity and specific activity of sucrose synthase was observed in seeds of most of the cold tolerant lines in comparison with ICCV 96029 and ICCV 96030, thereby providing sugars as well as sugar nucleotides for their growth and starch synthesis during unfavourable low temperature. The developing seeds and podwalls of tolerant genotypes had higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, i.e. catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutahione reductase in comparison with ICCV 96029 and ICCV 96030. It appears that the higher activities of antioxidant enzymes in podwall protect the developing seeds from cold stress.     

The use of photometric test kits for investigations of soil enzyme activities

The objective was to test the applicability of different photometric test kits for the determination of potential and actual nitrification and the activities of urease, invertase, and cellobiase in soil. Three water affected grassland sites, influenced by the maritime climate were investigated. The results obtained by the test kits and by standard methods were similar. Soil organic matter content was found as most important factor determining the enzyme activities on these three grassland sites with similar pH‐values. At the site with the largest soil organic matter content the highest activities for urease, invertase, and cellobiase were found. However, this was not true for the nitrification rates.     

灌浆结实期高温对水稻籽粒蔗糖及降解酶活性的影响

选用水稻品种越光和笹锦为材料,在开花后设置自然温度和高温两种处理,研究了不同温度处理下籽粒蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量的动态变化以及蔗糖合酶、液泡型转化酶和细胞壁结合型转化酶活性的差异。高温处理下,蔗糖合酶活性值大于转化酶活性值,且与淀粉积累速率呈显著正相关,表明蔗糖合酶在蔗糖的分解和淀粉的合成过程中起着重要作用;高温下两品种籽粒的蔗糖含量明显增加,但分解的葡萄糖和果糖含量并未相应增加,表明高温有利于籽粒中蔗糖的积累,而不利于籽粒中蔗糖的分解。高温下蔗糖合酶、液泡型转化酶和细胞壁结合型转化酶活性明显下降,表明蔗糖分解速率的下降与蔗糖合酶和转化酶活性下降有关。     

牡丹开花和衰老期间花瓣糖代谢的研究

 以牡丹( Paeonia suffruticosa) 品种‘洛阳红’和‘胡红’为材料, 研究了花开放和衰老过程中花瓣可溶性糖及其代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果表明: 伴随花瓣的迅速生长展开, 总可溶性糖呈现迅速增加的趋势, 特别是己糖(葡萄糖和果糖) 含量显著增加, 盛开后己糖水平达到最高, 而蔗糖含量呈现逐渐下降的变化。己糖和蔗糖降解指数(SDI) 与花枝质量呈现极显著的正相关; 花瓣酸性转化酶活性维持较高水平, 开花过程中活性逐渐升高, 开放后逐渐下降。经主成分回归分析, 可溶性糖的代谢依赖于酸性转化酶、中性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶的共同作用。结果提示, 牡丹花瓣中己糖的积累在花开放和衰老过程中起着重要作用。     

UV-B辐射增强对稻田土壤氮转化的影响

本文旨在探讨UV-B辐射增强对稻田土壤氮转化的影响。在元阳梯田原位种植当地传统水稻品种——白脚老粳,研究UV-B辐射增强(0、2.5、5.0 k J·m~(-2)和7.5 k J·m~(-2))对水稻生长期稻田土壤氮转化相关酶活性、无机氮含量及N_2O排放量的影响。结果表明:5.0 kJ·m~(-2)UV-B辐射增强处理导致水稻分蘖期和孕穗期土壤亚硝酸还原酶、脲酶活性显著降低;孕穗期时所有处理亚硝酸还原酶活性显著高于其他时期,分蘖期时所有处理脲酶活性显著高于其他时期;与对照相比,3个UV-B辐射增强处理导致成熟期硝酸还原酶、蛋白酶活性显著增加;孕穗期时2.5、5.0、7.5 k J·m~(-2)UV-B辐射增强处理硝酸还原酶活性显著高于其他时期,分蘖期时所有处理蛋白酶活性显著高于其他时期的相同处理。2.5 k J·m~(-2)UV-B辐射增强处理在水稻整个生育期中,除拔节期外NH_4~+-N含量均显著降低,5.0 kJ·m~(-2)UV-B辐射增强处理导致稻田土壤NO_3~--N含量在整个水稻生育期显著升高。UV-B辐射增强显著降低拔节期和孕穗期N_2O排放通量,成熟期则显著增加。相关分析发现,稻田土壤N_2O排放通量与NH_4~+-N含量呈极显著正相关,而NH_4~+-N含量与NO_3~--N含量及脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。从水稻生长的生育期来看,UV-B辐射提高了土壤硝酸还原酶、蛋白酶活性,抑制了亚硝酸还原酶、脲酶活性,促进了NH_4~+-N向NO_3~--N的转化,从而抑制了拔节期、孕穗期N_2O的排放。     

胡麻株高QTL定位与候选基因功能分析

胡麻(Linum usitatissimum L.)是我国主要油料作物之一，具有较强的耐旱、耐寒、耐贫瘠特性，株高不仅影响胡麻产量，同时与植株倒伏性相关，对胡麻籽品质也有一定影响。以加拿大油用亚麻品种Macbeth和中国纤用亚麻品种黑亚14号为亲本构建的包含155个株系的重组自交系群体为试验材料，统计了该群体在甘肃兰州和景泰、云南元谋及河北廊坊四点的株高性状，挑选在四个环境株高表现一致的高、低单株构建混合池进行QTL-seq。将分析结果和QTL定位结果进行比较分析后确认了QTL候选区段，锁定了一个胡麻株高候选基因LuCWINV1-1，其属于酸性转化酶中的细胞壁转化酶，包含保守的结构域NDPNG、RDP和MWECP。亲本中LuCWINV1-1基因组序列发生突变，导致Macbeth中第21位谷氨酸和第523位异亮氨酸在黑亚14中分别为甘氨酸和丙氨酸。通过转化拟南芥发现，两个亲本的等位基因对株高起着不同的效应作用，LuCWINV1-1Mac转基因株系的株高变低，LuCWINV1-1Hei转基因株系变高，表明该基因在胡麻中控制株高。上述结果为解析胡麻株高机制奠定了基础，同时，也探索出在小基因组作物中利用QTL-seq快速能有效克隆QTL候选基因，为后续鉴定克隆控制胡麻重要农艺性状的基因提供技术支撑。