pH、盐度对文蛤呼吸与排泄的影响

以文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)为受试生物,采用静态法研究了不同pH和盐度下文蛤耗氧率、排氨率、排磷率及氧氮比(O∶N)的变化规律。结果表明:pH为8.7试验组文蛤耗氧率、排氨率及排磷率显著高于6.7、7.7、9.7及10.7试验组(P0.05),pH为7.7和8.7试验组O∶N值显著高于6.7、9.7及10.7试验组(P0.05);pH在6.7~10.7范围内,文蛤耗氧率、排氨率、排磷率及O∶N均随pH的升高呈先升后降的变化趋势,pH为8.7时文蛤耗氧率、排氨率、排磷率以及O∶N均为最大值,依次为5.46 mg·(g·h)-1、0.17 mg·(g·h)-1、0.19 mg·(g·h)~(-1)、27.17。盐度为20试验组文蛤耗氧率、排氨率、排磷率及O∶N显著高于16、18、22及24试验组(P0.05);盐度在16~24范围内,文蛤耗氧率、排氨率、排磷率及O∶N均随盐度的增加呈先升后降的变化趋势,盐度为20时文蛤耗氧率、排氨率、排磷率及O∶N均为最大值,分别为5.66 mg·(g·h)~(-1)、0.20 mg·(g·h)~(-1)、0.30 mg·(g·h)~(-1)和27.40。本实验研究范围内,文蛤生长的最适pH在8.7左右,最适盐度在20左右,为文蛤的人工养殖提供了重要的数据支持。     

近年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征

渤海封闭性强,水动力条件和自净能力较弱,其生态系统较为敏感和脆弱。2011年位于渤海中部的蓬莱19-3油田发生重大溢油事故,对渔业生态环境和渔业资源造成了严重影响。为了解和掌握该起溢油污染事故发生后渔业生态环境的变化状况,分别于2012?2014年在渤海中部海域进行了9个航次的生态环境跟踪调查。利用其中部分调查资料,作者对渤海中部活性磷酸盐的时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果显示,(1)2012?2014年春季和夏季渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量符合第二类海水水质标准要求,秋、冬季部分海域已受到活性磷酸盐的污染。(2)不同季节渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐的平面分布趋势各异,垂直分布也存在季节差异。春季和夏季活性磷酸盐呈现由表层至底层递减的趋势,秋季和冬季接近呈垂直分布均匀状态。(3)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐平均含量季节变化明显,其含量顺序由高到低依次为冬季、秋季、春季、夏季,冬季明显高于夏季。2014年渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐含量低于2013年,呈逐年降低趋势。(4)渤海中部海域活性磷酸盐时空变化受到诸多因素的影响,营养盐的外源补充、内源再生和生物消耗是影响活性磷酸盐时空变化的最重要因素。     

Calcium nutrition of the sugarbeet

Abstract

When sugarbeet seedlings are transferred from a complete nutrient solution to one from which Ca has been withheld, the rootlets and tops fail to develop. The same transfer at the eight‐leaf stage causes the rootlets to become stubby and swollen at the tips and blade expansion becomes modified; particularly the upper portions of the blades attaining nearly full development, which pucker and often develop a cupping or hooding effect; a unique symptom characteristic of Ca deficiency. As each new leaf develops, the blade area becomes smaller until only a black tip remains at the apex of the petiole, which is the symptom referred to as tip‐burn for this petiole and the successively . shorter petioles formed as Ca deficiency increases in severity. Strangely, these symptoms also appear during periods of rapid growth when the nutrient solution contains as much as 10 to 28 milliequivalents per liter of Ca or when soils are high in Ca. This implies that Ca absorption and possibly translocation limits the Ca supply at the growing point. Increasing Mg in the nutrient solution decreases Ca uptake and increases Ca deficiency. Potassium deficiency, unexpectedly, induces Ca deficiency apparently by decreasing the translocation of Ca to the growing point.

These phenomena suggest the hypothesis that when ion absorption takes place from the root exchange site that has the affinity for H > Ca > Mg > K > Na, then the H generated internally replaces, and the roots absorb, Na, K and Mg preferentially. Externally, Ca would be adsorbed preferentially from the nutrient solution by the exchange complex, and with the addition of Mg, it would compete for the common adsorption site of Ca and limit Ca absorption internally. Under these conditions potassium‐deficient nutrient solutions would not induce Ca deficiency by decreasing Ca absorption but rather by decreasing Ca translocation. Theoretically, Ba would replace H more readily than Ca on the exchange complex, and therefore, Ba would be adsorbed preferentially and Ca uptake would increase. This effect of Ba was verified experimentally.

Since the translocation of ⁴⁵Ca to the growing point was found to be unrestricted under Ca‐sufficient and Ca‐deficient conditions and since the formation of insoluble Ca compounds such as phosphate or oxalate did not account for the Ca deficiency at the growing point, the cause of the Ca deficiency at the growing point is most likely the higher priority of the storage root for Ca over tops when leaf blades and storage root are both expanding rapidly. However, Ca retransport from older to younger parts of the sugarbeet plant may be restricted by the formation of Ca phosphate under Ca‐deficient conditions and Ca oxalate under Ca‐sufficient conditions.

Calcium deficiency increases net photosynthesis per unit blade area initially, probably because of blade puckering, but not on a per unit chlorophyll basis.     

山丹马6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶及葡萄糖磷酸异构酶的多态性研究

用淀粉凝胶电泳及琼脂覆盖技术对山丹马的血液红细胞6磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶和葡萄糖磷酸异构酶的电泳变异进行了测定。在6磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶座位发现了3种表现型,即FF,FD和FS,其频率分别为0.958,0.021和0.021。在葡萄糖磷酸异构酶座位发现了两种表现型,即II和FI,其频率分别为0.771和0.229。等位基因频率直接通过表型计算出:PGDF为0.979,PGDD为0.0104,PGDS为0.0104;GPIF为0.1146,GPII为0.8854。亲子关系排除概率在6PGD和GPI座位点分别为0.1009和0.0912。两座位的个体识别概率分别为0.081和0.353。     

The Effects of Replacing Dicalcium Phosphate with Busumbu Rock Phosphate on Performance and the Mechanical Properties of Bone in Growing Chicks

Three hundred, day-old broiler chicks, with an average initial weight of 41.8±1.79 g, were used in a 15-day study (10 birds per battery cage) to characterize their performance and fluorine status when dicalcium phosphate (DCP) was replaced by Busumbu rock phosphate (BRP) as the source of phosphorus in the chicks' ration. The treatments comprised a standard ration with BRP replacing 0, 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% of DCP. Replacing DCP with BRP significantly reduced the final weight of the chicks (p<0.01), feed intake (p<0.01), weight gains (p<0.01) and dry matter digestibility (p<0.05) but increased (p<0.05) the feed-to-gain ratio. True phosphorus absorption and the percentage of phosphorus in the tibia were not affected by increasing amounts of BRP in the diet. Increasing levels of BRP in the diet linearly reduced (p<0.01) the percentage bone ash, calcium, Ca:P ratio, ultimate breaking force, bending moment, stress, and modulus of elasticity. Leg stiffness, lameness, reduced feed intake, and a decline in general health were recorded in 10–40% of the chicks on 75% and 100% BRP, respectively. These results suggest that excessive ingestion of fluorine from the BRP caused the reduction in the chicks' performance.     

无磷酸氢钙日粮对生长猪的影响研究

将48头杜×长×大三元杂交生长猪随机分为两组,分别饲喂正常磷水平日粮和无磷酸氢钙日粮,结果表明:与正常磷水平日粮相比,无磷酸氢钙日粮可显著提高磷的表观消化率(P<0.05),增加猪场的纯收入,减少粪中磷的排放以保护猪场周边的生态环境。     

硝酸磷肥在双膜小拱棚西瓜上的应用效果研究

从2011年3-7月布置在双膜小拱棚西瓜上的肥料试验。试验结果表明,硝磷肥比等养分氮磷复(混)合肥增产7.8%～8.2%,增加纯收益366.60～395.60元,同时可以提高西瓜品质。肥效表现均一稳定,经济效益较高。     

酸性醇醚磷酸酯中单、双酯含量的测定

以三氯氧磷和醇醚为原料合成的醇醚磷酸酯中含有大量盐酸,盐酸的存在影响产品中单、双酯含量的确定.通过测定氯离子含量可间接确定醇醚磷酸酯中的盐酸含量,从而可较准确的测定单酯、双酯、三酯及磷酸含量.     

种植密度与底磷肥用量对绿豆产量的影响

通过２因子４水平复因子试验与统计分析，研究了绿豆种植密度和底磷肥施用量对绿豆产量的影响。结果表明，绿豆种植密度和底磷肥施用量，是决定绿豆产量的主要因素。明确了绿豆的最佳种植密度和底磷肥施用量。     

氮磷硫共掺杂生物质基多孔炭的制备及其电化学性能

为了提升农林废弃物在储能领域的高附加值利用，该研究以杉木屑为原料，磷酸三聚氰胺为磷、氮源，基于冷冻NaOH/硫脲体系溶解木质原料中纤维素，通过一步热解制备氮、磷、硫共掺杂多孔炭，并考察活化温度、NaOH/杉木屑质量比和冷冻条件对多孔炭结构及电化学性能的影响。通过X射线光电子能谱（XPS， X-ray photoelectron spectroscop ）和比表面积分析仪（BET，Brunauer-Emmett-Teller）研究多孔炭的表面结构和孔隙结构；采用循环伏安（CV，cyclic voltammetry）、恒流充放电（GCD，galvanostatic charge/discharge）和交流阻抗（EIS，electrochemical impedance spectroscopy）等测试手段表征其电化学性能。研究结果表明：随着活化温度和NaOH/杉木屑质量比的增加，多孔炭的表面积、全孔孔容和比电容呈现先增加后减小的趋势；冷冻条件和磷酸三聚氰胺的加入可以增加多孔炭的比表面积和全孔孔容，提升电化学性能。当活化温度900 ℃，NaOH/杉木屑质量比为1.2时，制备的氮、磷、硫共掺杂多孔炭的比表面积为2 048 m²/g，全孔孔容为1.655 cm³/g，介孔率为99.7%，氮、磷、硫的含量为3.41%、0.29%、1.40%。三电极体系下、6 mol/L KOH电解液中，当电流密度0.5 A/g时，比电容可达261 F/g。用NPS-900-1.2组装的对称超级电容器5 A/g电流密度条件下，比电容值为108 F/g，循环5 000次后库伦效率接近100%，电容保持率为92%。对称的超级电容器功率密度为248 W/kg时，能量密度可达17.2 Wh/kg。该研究为农林废弃物制备高性能超级电容器提供了参考依据。