有机质的去除对磷酸盐稳定土壤铅的影响

为明确土壤有机质的去除对磷酸盐稳定化处理铅污染土壤反应效率的影响,通过马弗炉高温煅烧和双氧水氧化两种不同方法去除铅污染土壤中的有机质,分别在去除有机质前后的含铅污染土壤中添加7个不同P/Pb摩尔比的磷酸二氢钾进行稳定化试验,对稳定化处理后的土壤进行铅毒性浸出(TCLP)、有效磷含量和铅形态分布特征的分析。结果表明:经过马弗炉煅烧和双氧水氧化后土壤有机质的去除率分别为97.2%和11.3%,两种方法去除有机质后土壤中铅提取含量分别升高了43.4%和75.8%;当磷酸二氢钾的添加量达到P/Pb摩尔比为1.2时,去除有机质前后土壤中有效铅含量均降到1.0 mg·L^-1以下,原始土壤及用马弗炉和双氧水去除有机质的土壤中有效铅含量分别为0.4、0.8、0.5 mg·L^-1,有效磷含量分别为68.0、87.0、70.0 mg·kg^-1;原始土壤和去除有机质土壤中的铅以残渣态为主要赋存形态,去除有机质后土壤中有机结合态的铅减少。土壤有机质的去除能改变土壤中铅的生物有效性,影响铅污染土壤的稳定化效果,增大环境释放的风险。     

磷、钾盐肥对保水剂吸水、保肥性能的影响

通过对保水剂在不同磷、钾肥料溶液中吸水倍率和对肥料养分吸持量的测定,研究了不同磷、钾盐肥对保水剂吸水、保肥性能的影响。结果表明,所用磷、钾肥磷酸一铵、过磷酸钙、氯化钾、硫酸钾均能显著降低保水剂的吸水倍率,并随肥料浓度的增加,保水剂吸水倍率显著降低,它们之间的关系可用幂函数来表征。4种肥料对保水剂吸水倍率的影响按氯化钾<硫酸钾<磷酸一铵<过磷酸钙顺序递增,它们对聚丙烯酸钠盐型保水剂的影响大于聚丙烯酰胺-丙烯酸盐型保水剂。保水剂在吸水溶胀的同时,也吸持溶解在水中的肥料离子,吸持量的大小因保水剂和肥料种类而不同。肥料浓度达到一定值后,随着保水剂吸水倍率的降低,吸持量也随之降低。     

黄棕壤和酸紫砂土施用不同磷肥对油菜产量的影响

为实现油菜磷肥减施增效和保障生态环境,利用土壤有效磷含量较低的黄棕壤和酸紫砂土开展试验,建立土壤-磷肥-作物体系相匹配的磷肥施肥方案.以甘蓝型油菜中双11号和圣光168为材料,采用盆栽试验研究黄棕壤和酸紫砂土上施用过磷酸钙(SSP)、磷酸二铵(DAP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)和钙镁磷肥(CMP)对油菜苗期生长及成熟期产量、...     

甜瓜蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)基因正反义表达载体的构建

为了改善甜瓜果实的品质及研究甜瓜蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)基因的生物学功能,本试验分别构建了甜瓜果实SPS基因的正义及反义表达载体。用PCR方法将克隆到pMD18-T载体上的甜瓜SPS基因用带有KpnⅠ和XbaⅠ酶切位点的引物扩增,然后将该扩增片段克隆到pMD19-T Simple载体上,再用KpnⅠ和XbaⅠ双酶切,得到该基因编码区3.37 kb的cDNA片段,将其定向插入到植物表达载体pROK2的KpnⅠ/XbaⅠ克隆位点,构建了甜瓜果实SPS基因的正义表达载体。将已克隆到pMD18-T载体上的甜瓜SPS基因用KpnⅠ和HincⅡ双酶切,得到该基因编码区830 bp的cDNA片段,将其定向插入到植物表达载体pROK2的KpnⅠ/SmaⅠ克隆位点,构建了甜瓜果实SPS基因的反义表达载体。     

固氮肺炎克氏杆菌的产酸和解磷能力

本文报道了549、258属于肺炎克氏杆菌的这一类联合固氮细菌具有产酸解磷的能力.549在培养过程中能产生多种有机酸成分,使无机磷的有效性提高.它还能利用卵磷脂这种有机磷作为自己的磷源,在其培养过程中产酸量有一定限度,达到一定酸度时,培养环境中的酸基本上就不再增加,维持在一个相对稳定的水平.549、258产酸解磷的结果能够改善植物的磷素营养,从非豆科植物根际联合固氮的研究角度考虑,可以认为产酸的联合固氮细菌具有固氮和解磷的双重性.     

Recycled iron phosphate as a fertilizer raw material for tree stands on drained boreal peatlands

Fertilization of drained peatland forests with easily soluble or slow-release apatite fertilizers can increase phosphorus (P) export to water courses, especially when the soil is low in aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) hydroxides and oxides. Application of Al and Fe together with P increases P adsorption to the soil and decreases the risk of leaching. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of recycled iron phosphate (rFePO₄) as forest fertilizer raw material from environmental and forest production perspectives. Trial fertilizers with different mixtures of rFePO₄ and Russian Kola apatite (Kap) were applied on 15 mini-catchments (area 100 m²), where the discharge at the outlet was collected, sampled and analyzed throughout the about 4-year measurement period. The foliage P content and height growth of the trees on the mini-catchments were measured. The biomass growth of the extramatrical mycorrhizal mycelia (EMM) was studied with a separate in-growth mesh bag experiment conducted on the same site. The results indicated no increase in phosphorus export to surface waters after application of rFePO₄ and 25/75 and 50/50 mixtures of rFePO₄ and Kap. In contrast to earlier studies showing a relatively high P export with different types of apatite fertilizers, the Kap fertilizer showed only minor phosphorus export. The height growth measurements and needle analyses of the juvenile Scots pine stands indicated poor P availability from pure rFePO₄, but the P availability from the 50/50 and 25/75 mixtures of rFePO₄ and Kap was similar to pure Kap. The mixtures of Kap and rFePO₄ enhanced the EMM biomass by 2- to 3-fold, whereas Kap and rFePO₄ alone, and high P availability (superphosphate) had no significant effect compared to non-P controls. The increase in EMM biomass as induced by concurrent application of Kap and rFePO₄ was not clearly reflected in tree growth and P acquisition. However, longer follow-up studies than in this one may be needed in order to verify the effect of increased EMM biomass on mycorrhizal mycelia mediated nutrient uptake and tree growth.     

Comparison of 5′-inosine monophosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate degrading activities among red,pink, and white muscle fibers of cultured carp

ABSTRACT:   As part of a study to clarify the differences in the temporal change in K -value among fish species, the temporal change in K -value and the 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) and p-nitrophenol phosphate (p-NPP) degrading activities in the red, pink, and white muscle fibers in the dorsal muscle of the carp were compared. The temporal change in K -value was fastest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers, at both 0°C and 32°C. Moreover, the 5'-IMP and p-NPP degrading activities were highest in red, followed by pink, and white muscle fibers at near optimum pH concentrations. The 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0 had a positive correlation with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C for all types of muscle fibers. These results suggest that differences in increasing rates of K -values between red, pink, and white muscle fibers corresponded to the 5'-IMP degrading activities.     

宁夏回族自治区扬黄灌区密植高产玉米磷素吸收利用特征及适宜用量分析

利用田间试验的方法,研究磷肥(P_2O_5)施用量对宁夏扬黄灌区密植高产玉米产量、磷素吸收积累特征,明确宁夏扬黄灌区玉米生产适宜磷肥用量,以指导当地玉米生产。以正大12为供试材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,在玉米密度为9.75万株/hm~2条件下设置5个磷肥(P_2O_5)用量0、45、90、135和180 kg/hm~2,N 300.0 kg/hm~2和K_2O 75.0 kg/hm~2均一致。从磷肥(P_2O_5)对密植玉米产量、经济效益、土壤磷素平衡和磷肥利用效率的影响进行分析。结果表明:施用磷肥(P_2O_5)增加了玉米穗粒数和百粒重,增产率为3.1%～7.8%,通过产量获得磷肥(P_2O_5)效应方程为Y=-0.053 7x~2+15.803x+15 450(R~2=0.981 9~*),通过模拟计算最高产量P_2O_5用量为147.1 kg/hm~2,从实际最佳经济产量P_2O_5用量为112.2 kg/hm~2。经济效益角度分析P_2O_5用量在135 kg/hm~2时利润最高,比对照增收5.7%。施用磷肥(P_2O_5)促进了玉米磷素的吸收累积,籽粒、秸秆和地上部磷素累积量,100 kg籽粒需P_2O_5量均随磷肥(P_2O_5)用量的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,均以施P_2O_5 135 kg/hm~2最高,较对照分别提高24.0%、19.3%、22.1%和15.7%。P_2O_5用量为135 kg/hm~2时磷肥利用效率最高为36.2%(P0.05),磷肥偏生产力、磷肥农学效率和生理利用效率均随着磷肥用量增加呈下降趋势。施P_2O_5量为45～135 kg/hm~2时耕层土壤速效磷均为当季匮缺。从玉米产量、经济效益、土壤磷素平衡和磷肥利用效率多个角度综合分析认为研究区域密植高产玉米磷肥(P_2O_5)用量适宜的范围为135～147 kg/hm~2。     

掺杂稳定固定剂的沉积物样品吸附Cu、Zn的特征

利用掺杂稳定固定剂的沉积物样品进行cu、zn的热力学吸附,考察铁氧化物类、有机质类、黏土矿物类及磷酸盐类等11种物质的掺杂对沉积物样品吸附cu、zn热力学特征的影响。结果表明,所选用的掺杂材料中羟基磷灰石和磷酸氢二铵可同时提高沉积物吸附cu、zn的能力,其中Cu的最大吸附量提高70％～130％,Zn的最大吸附量提高150％以上,说明羟基磷灰石和磷酸氢二铵可望用作污染沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn的稳定固定剂。     

富钾土壤中氮、磷肥不同水平对甘薯生长及产量的影响

试验研究了氮肥、磷肥不同水平对甘薯生长发育动态、产量的影响。结果表明,在氮肥试验中,氮水平为75 kg/hm2处理的薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量都达到最大,鲜薯产量达51 519.25 kg/hm2,单株结薯数达5.0个,商品薯率为89.43%,平均单株薯质量为1084.71g;氮水平小于等于75 kg/hm2处理的薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量均随着施氮水平的提高而提高;氮水平大于等于75 kg/hm2处理薯块鲜质量和茎叶鲜质量随着施氮水平的升高急剧下降。在磷肥试验中,磷用量为135 kg/hm2时,鲜薯产量最大,为46 802.35 kg/hm2,单株结薯数为4.65个,商品薯率为91.0%,平均单株薯质量为978.0 g;磷水平低于135 kg/hm2时,随着磷用量的提高产量逐渐增大,磷水平高于135 kg/hm2时,随着磷用量的提高产量降低。合理施肥是甘薯增产增收栽培的有效措施。