Heterotrophy-coordinated diazotrophy is associated with significant changes of rare taxa in soil microbiome

Soil heterotrophic respiration during decomposition of carbon (C)-rich organic matter plays a vital role in sustaining soil fertility. However, it remains poorly understood whether dinitrogen (N₂) fixation occurs in support of soil heterotrophic respiration. In this study, ¹⁵N₂-tracing indicated that strong N₂ fixation occurred during heterotrophic respiration of carbon-rich glucose. Soil organic ¹⁵N increased from 0.37 atom% to 2.50 atom% under aerobic conditions and to 4.23 atom% under anaerobic conditions, while the concomitant CO₂ flux increased by 12.0-fold under aerobic conditions and 5.18-fold under anaerobic conditions. Soil N₂ fixation was completely absent in soils replete with inorganic N, although soil N bioavailability did not alter soil respiration. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene further indicated that: i) under aerobic conditions, only 15.2% of soil microbiome responded positively to glucose addition, and these responses were significantly associated with soil respiration and N₂ fixation and ii) under anaerobic conditions, the percentage of responses was even lower at 5.70%. Intriguingly, more than 95% of these responses were originally rare with < 0.5% relative abundance in background soils, including typical N₂-fixing heterotrophs such as Azotobacter and Clostridium and well-recognized non-N₂-fixing heterotrophs such as Sporosarcina, Agromyces, and Sedimentibacter. These results suggest that only a small portion of the soil microbiome could respond quickly to the amendment of readily accessible organic C in a fluvo-aquic soil and highlighted that rare phylotypes might have played more important roles than previously appreciated in catalyzing soil C and nitrogen turnovers. Our study indicates that N₂ fixation could be closely associated with microbial turnover of soil organic C when available in excess.     

Net ecosystem carbon exchange for Bermuda grass growing in mesocosms as affected by irrigation frequency

Intensification of grazed grasslands following conversion from dryland to irrigated farming has the potential to alter ecosystem carbon (C) cycling and affect components of carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange that could lead to either net accumulation or loss of soil C. While there are many studies on the effect of water availability on biomass production and soil C stocks, much less is known about the effect of the frequency of water inputs on the components of CO₂ exchange. We grew Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L.) in mesocosms under irrigation frequencies of every day (I₁ treatment, 30 d), every two days (I₂ treatment, 12 d), every three days (I₃ treatment, 30 d), and every six days (I₆ treatment, 18 d, after I₂ treatment). Rates of CO₂ exchange for estimating net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (F_N), ecosystem respiration (R_E), and soil respiration (R_S) were measured, and gross C uptake by plants (F_G) and respiration from leaves (R_L) were calculated during two periods, 1–12 and 13–30 d, of the 30-d experiment. During the first 12 d, there were no significant differences in cumulative F_N (mean ±standard deviation, 61 ±30 g C m^-2, n = 4). During the subsequent 18 d, cumulative F_N decreased with decreasing irrigation frequency and increasing cumulative soil water deficit (W), with values of 70 ±22, 60 ±16, and 18 ±12 g C m^-2 for the I₁, I₃, and I₆ treatments, respectively. There were similar decreases in F_G, R_E, and R_L with increasing W, but differences in R_S were not significant. Use of the C₄ grass growing in a C₃-derived soil enabled partitioning of R_S into its autotrophic (R_A) and heterotrophic (R_H) components using a ¹³C natural abundance isotopic technique at the end of the experiment when differences in cumulative W between the treatments were the greatest. The values of R_H and its percentage contributions to R_S (43% ±8%, 42% ±8%, and 8% ±5% for the I₁, I₃, and I₆ treatments, respectively) suggested that R_H remained unaffected across a wide range of W and then decreased under extreme W. There were no significant differences in aboveground biomass between the treatments. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission was measured to determine if there was a trade-off effect between irrigation frequency and increasing W on net greenhouse gas emission, but no significant differences were found between the treatments. These findings suggest that over short periods in well-drained soil, irrigation frequency could be managed to manipulate soil water deficit in order to reduce net belowground respiratory C losses, particularly those from the microbial decomposition of soil organic matter, with no significant effect on biomass production and N₂O emission.     

Long-term (42 years) effect of thinning on soil CO2 emission in a mixed broadleaved-Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forest in Northeast China

Thinning is an important forest management practice that has great potential to influence regional soil carbon storage and dynamics.The present study measured soil respiration(RS,the efflux of CO2 emitted)and its two components(heterotrophic(RH)and autotrophic(RA)respiration)from soil 42 years after thinning in comparison to un-thinning(control).Autotrophic respiration was significantly greater in the thinning plot,approximately 44%higher compared to the control,while both RSand RHwere slightly,but not significantly,higher in the thinning plot.Higher fine root biomass might have contributed to the higher RAin the thinning plot.Both RSand RHshowed clear soil temperature-dependent seasonal patterns,whereas RAwas less responsive to changes in temperature,especially within one specific season.The annual and season-specific temperature sensitivities of RSand RHwere lower in the thinning plot,specifically during the mid-growing season.Furthermore,variations in the season-specific temperature sensitivity of RSand RHwere less intense in the thinning plot.We conclude that forest thinning can reduce the temperature sensitivity of RSand RHduring the mid-growing season and increase soil CO2 emission in the long term.     

玉米立茬与粉碎秸秆覆盖对生长季土壤呼吸的影响

农田土壤呼吸(Rs)是全球CO_2循环的重要组成部分,生长季土壤呼吸对于作物的产量有巨大的影响,同时,作物残茬的覆盖模式会影响土壤呼吸。该文应用了粉碎秸秆覆盖地表(SH)和立茬覆盖地表(ST)是两种主流的作物残茬覆盖地表模式,自2000年起,玉米收获之后,在试验地块施用这2种作物残茬覆盖地表的模式。自2013年开始,在试验地块测量每年冬季的土壤结冻深度,积雪的厚度与CO_2通量,土壤温度与湿度。总土壤呼吸分为异养呼吸(HR)和根际呼吸(RR),该文使用放射性碳标记技术和数学方程计算异养呼吸和根际呼吸的CO_2通量。试验结果显示,与SH处理相比,ST处理地表平均积雪厚度可以增加44%,最大土壤冻深降低18%,并且冻土完全融化的时间将提前10到27 d。ST与SH的平均CO_2通量分别为16.55和14.02 mmol/m~2h。对于整个生长季,SH与ST的土壤呼吸差别在生长季开始和结束时期较小,在生长季的中期较大。ST的平均Rs比SH多3.3 mmol/m~2h,在ST中,HR是Rs的主要构成部分,而RR只约占总土壤呼吸10%。冗余分析结果显示,Rs和HR与土壤温度和积雪厚度呈正相关,与冻土深度呈负相关。该文的研究结果显示相比较于粉碎秸秆残茬覆盖,立茬覆盖地表有利于提高生长季的土壤呼吸,可为玉米的光合作用提供较多CO_2,这将有利于作物增产。     

森林土壤呼吸对降雨脉冲的响应研究进展

森林生态系统的土壤碳储量是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分。土壤呼吸则是土壤碳库参与陆地碳循环的主要方式,其受到诸多生物和非生物因子的综合调控。偶发性降雨会引起森林土壤湿度的瞬间增加,进而导致土壤呼吸速率的快速提高。文中介绍了森林土壤呼吸及其组分,综述了降雨脉冲效应的特征和诱导机制（包括物理替代机制、微生物代谢机制、土壤养分限制机制及光化学调控机制等）,分析了当前降雨脉冲研究存在的不足并展望了未来的研究重点,认为森林生态系统是未来开展降雨脉冲效应研究的重要方向,探究森林土壤呼吸不同组分对降雨脉冲的响应差异与机制也是潜在的重要研究方向。     

东风螺滩涂养殖区水质因子和微生物的周年变化特征

笔者于2013年12月至2014年10月期间对东风螺滩涂养殖区与非养殖区的水质因子(氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮、活性磷)和微生物(弧菌、总异氧菌)进行检测,以期了解东风螺滩涂养殖区水质因子与微生物的周年变化。结果表明,氨氮、亚硝酸氮、硝酸氮的高峰出现在3~5月份,活性磷的最高值出现在10月份,而5~10月份,弧菌都维持较高的浓度;各个水质因子与微生物的检测数据呈波动变化,除氨氮以外,其他指标养殖区与非养殖区间差异不明显;这表明在当前的养殖面积(18 hm2)和养殖密度(300粒·m-2)下,东风螺养殖未对海区水质因子与微生物群落造成明显的影响。     

Zootechnical and physiological responses of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae reared in bioflocs and subjected to stress conditions during nursery phase

The objective of this study was to assess zootechnical and physiological performance of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PL) reared in three environments (CW, clear water; B, biofloc; BS, biofloc with artificial substrates) at three stocking densities (300, 600, 900 PL/m³) for 8 weeks. At the end of experimentation, shrimp were subjected to hypoxia, and physiological response was again assessed. During rearing, low levels of total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite (NO₂^?) and nitrate (NO₃^?) were observed in B and BS for 600 and 900 PL/m³. For 300 PL/m³, a slight accumulation of NO₂^? and NO₃^? was detected. For the same stocking density, shrimp reared in B and BS showed significantly higher weights than those grown in CW, except for final weight. No significant differences were observed in survival. The use of biofloc and artificial substrates permitted doubling density from 300 to 600 PL/m³ without affecting growth, survival, feed conversion rate and obtaining twice the biomass. Shrimp grown in B and BS stored a surplus of glycogen and carbohydrates in their hepatopancreas, which probably gave them a better physiological capacity to counteract high‐stocking densities and hypoxia. A tendency of a higher adenylate energetic charge was observed in shrimp maintained in B and BS.     

二氧化氯对草鱼肠道中异养菌数量变动及区系组成的影响

为了解消毒剂对水产动物的影响,在池塘中以泼洒和挂袋2种方式施用消毒剂二氧化氯后,对草鱼养殖塘内水体、底泥和草鱼肠道中异养菌总活菌数进行调查,并分析肠道异养细菌的区系组成。试验分为4组,组1为250 g ClO₂全池泼洒,组2为250 g ClO₂挂袋,组3为500g ClO₂泼洒,组4为500 g ClO₂挂袋,试验期30天。结果表明养殖水体和底泥中总活菌数随ClO₂使用方案的变化有显著差异。组2的活菌总数在3次采样中均最高,组1、组3和组4异养菌数量差异不显著(P>0.05)。草鱼肠道总活菌数和气单胞菌数变化趋势类似,即组2细菌总数和气单胞菌数所占比例最高,组4次之。其中,试验组2的活菌总数在3次采样过程中均最高,显著高于组1、3和4(P<0.05);而试验组2和组4中气单胞菌的数量显著高于组1和组3(P<0.05),但组1和组3间差异不显著(P>0.05)。对分离到的161株细菌进行了生理生化鉴定,发现草鱼肠道中的优势菌分别为气单胞菌、假单胞菌和芽孢杆菌,分别占肠道总细菌数的15.5%、19.3%和20.5%。组2中Shannon-wiener指数显著高于其他组(P<0.05),组4和组1也显著高于组3(P<0.05),但组1和组4之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。以挂袋方式施用250 g ClO₂时草鱼肠道内细菌数量总数最多,气单胞菌数量最多,Shannon-wiener多样性指数显著高于其他组。在养殖水体中使用ClO₂会对草鱼肠道细菌数量产生显著影响。     

Enhancing productivity of Labeo victorianus ponds using maize flour as a carbohydrate source

This study investigated the effects of manipulating carbon–nitrogen (C/N) ratio and fish stocking density on pond productivity: total heterotrophic bacteria counts, plankton biovolume and benthic macro‐invertebrates. Labeo victorianus juveniles were reared for 72 days in 18 hapas suspended in six ponds measuring 150 m² at densities of 10, 15 and 25 fish m^?2. Fish in hapas received a locally formulated and prepared feed containing 295 g kg^?1 crude protein, and ponds were treated with a C/N ratio of either 10 or 20. All treatments were carried out in triplicate. Increasing C/N ratio from 10 to 20 increased phytoplankton by 13% and zooplankton biovolume by 25% in the water column (P < 0.001). Total benthic macro‐invertebrates biovolumes were also 30% higher (P < 0.05) with a C/N ratio of 20 compared to 10. Total heterotrophic bacteria counts increased both in water and sediment by 29% while net yield increased by 15% from 1534 (C/N 10) to 1821 (C/N 20) kg ha^?1 72 day^?1. C/N ratio of 20 and a stocking density of 25 fish m^?2 led to the highest yield, survival, production and net benefits. It is suggested that polyculture may lead to better utilization of pond communities to further improve pond productivity.     

福建大连1号杂交鲍肠道及养殖水体中细菌产酶能力的分析

从大连1号杂交鲍养殖水体及肠道中分离出18株弧菌和32株异养型细菌,对其进行革兰氏染色及产胞外酶能力的分析。结果表明,养殖水体中分离出的14株弧菌和22株异养细菌,共有22株(61.1%)具有分泌脂肪酶、卵磷脂酶、明胶酶、蛋白酶、淀粉酶或溶血毒素的能力;鲍肠道分离出的4株弧菌和10株异养细菌,共有9株(64.3%)具有此产酶能力。但总体上,从水体中分离出的菌株的产酶能力要强于从鲍肠道中分离出的菌株,且数量更多,尤其是水体中异养细菌。在所有的50株菌株中,有2株(4%)具有产3种酶(脂肪酶、卵磷脂酶和溶血素)的能力;有9(18%)株具有产2种酶的能力。产酶菌株大部分为革兰氏阴性。本次试验对鲍肠道及养殖水体中菌株产酶能力进行了分析,为大连1号杂交鲍在南方的健康养殖提供科学依据。