Hydrolytic Enzyme Inhibitors and Necrotic Reactions in Potato Leaves Reduce Reproductive Success of Colorado Potato Beetle

In field and laboratory conditions the reproductive potential （survival at different stages of development） of the Colorado potato beetle has been measured, the dependence of the parameters of insects fertility on varietal features of the feed has been investigated, the food activity of the representatives of insects from four areas of the Southern Urals has been measured, the intensity and time of hypersensitivity reactions on potato leaves has been defined. In laboratory experiments, the level of activity of hydrolytic enzymes in insects and the level of activity of these enzymes inhibitors in the leaves of three potato varieties differing in their resistance to the Colorado potato beetle have been determined. The results show that the insects-representatives of different samples have different food activity in relation to different potato varieties. High mortality rates were revealed at feeding with leaves of potato of the Bashkir variety characterized by a high level of hydrolases inhibitors and relatively rapid development of necrotic reactions after the appearance of eggs laying on the leaves. We suppose that the neerogenetic barrier appearing in the form of necrosis is the major cause of the fetal mortality of insects. The level of the content of inhibitors inactivating larvae digestive enzymes affects the survival of insects at postembryonic stages. The speed of the necrosis emergence, the level of activity of digestive enzymes inhibitors in potato can be considered as criteria for the selection of breeding material for resistance to the Colorado potato beetle.     

基于生氰糖苷降解途径基因表达特性的木薯品种对二斑叶螨的抗性机制初探

为初步探究生氰糖苷降解途径2个基因α-HNL和β-glu在木薯品种对二斑叶螨抗性中的作用,本研究以抗螨木薯品种‘C1115’‘缅甸’‘SC9’和感螨木薯品种‘SC205’‘面包’‘BRA900’为材料,分析木薯生氰糖苷降解途径基因及其编码的生化酶在二斑叶螨取食木薯品种不同部位叶片（上部、中部和下部）不同时间后（1、4 d）的表达量及酶活性的变化情况。结果表明,α-HNL在感螨木薯品种上部和中部叶片中的表达量随螨害时间的延长而显著降低;在抗螨木薯品种的不同部位叶片中,α-HNL的表达量均随螨害时间的延长而显著升高,并且以中部和下部叶片的升高趋势更为显著。β-glu在抗、感螨木薯品种不同部位叶片中的表达量均很低,难以比较该基因的表达量在不同木薯品种、不同部位叶片受螨害后的变化情况,但在能检测到的少量样品当中,抗螨木薯品种的占比也多于感螨木薯品种。进一步进行酶活性分析结果表明,抗螨木薯品种受螨害后,随着时间的延长,降解途径基因α-HNL编码的α-HNL酶活性呈逐渐升高或维持不变的趋势,并且以中部和下部叶片的升高趋势更为显著,而在感螨木薯品种中,随着螨害时间的延长,α-HNL酶活性则呈逐渐降低或先升高后降低的趋势;β-glu基因编码的β-GLU酶活性在不同木薯品种中均呈较低的水平,这可能与其对应编码的基因表达量低有关,但总体而言,降解途径2个基因编码的降解酶α-HNL和β-GLU在抗螨木薯不同叶片组织中的活性总体上也显著高于感螨木薯。本研究初步揭示了不同木薯品种受螨害不同时间后,生氰糖苷降解基因和酶可能与木薯对二斑叶螨的抗性有关。     

木薯生氰糖苷研究进展

木薯是世界上第五大粮食作物。但由于含有生氰糖苷,食用处理不完全的木薯产品会对人体产生危害．这在某种程度上限制了其在食品中的广泛应用。因此,对木薯生氰糖苷的研究具有重要的现实意义。本文对木薯生氰糖苷的生物合成以及人们在降低生氰糖苷含量方面的研究工作进行阐述．并对未来获得没有或低含量生氰糖苷的木薯产品提出展望。     

北松辽平原沿纬度梯度农田土壤酶活性与微生物量分布研究

Soil enzymes activities and microbial biomass have an important influence on nutrient cycling. The spatial distribution of soil enzymes activities and microbial biomass were examined along a latitudinal gradient in farmlands of Songliao Plain, Northeast China to assess the impact of climatic changes along the latitudinal transect on nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. Top soils （0-20 cm depth） were sampled in fields at 7 locations from north （Hallun） to south （Dashiqiao） in the end of October 2005 after maize harvest. The contents of total C, N, and P, C/N, available N, and available P increased with the latitude. The activities of invertase and acid phosphatase, microbial biomass （MB） C and N, and MBC/MBN were significantly correlated with latitude （P 〈 0.05, r^2 = 0.198, 0.635, 0.558, 0.211 and 0.317, respectively）, that is, increasing with the latitude. Significant positive correlations （P 〈 0.05） were observed between invertase activity and the total N and available P, and between acid phosphatase activity and the total C, C/N, available N, total P and available P. The urease, acid phosphatase, and dehydrogenase activities were significantly correlated with the soil pH and electrical conductivity （EC） （P 〈 0.05）. MBC and MBN were positively correlated with the total C, C/N, and available P （P 〈 0.05）. The MBC/MBN ratio was positively correlated with the total C, total N, C/N, and available N （P 〈 0.05）. The spatial distribution of soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass resulted from the changes in soil properties such as soil organic matter, soil pH, and EC, partially owing to variations in temperature and rainfall along the latitudinal gradient.     

蒸汽漂烫菊花的薄层干燥特性和质量评价（英）

该文旨在研究蒸汽漂烫菊花的干燥特性和质量评价。在60, 80, 100和120℃ 4个温度,0.5 m/s风速条件下,对蒸汽漂烫菊花的薄层干燥特性进行研究,结果表明其干燥属于典型的降速干燥过程,干燥速度随热风温度的升高而迅速加快。通过含水率的对数与干燥时间作图,发现其干燥过程分为3个阶段（第一、第二和第三降速阶段）,第一阶段能去除大约84%的水分。根据第一阶段数据,在60～120℃干燥时其有效扩散系数为1.10 to 6.44×10-9 m2/s,活化能为1829.5 kJ/kg,Midilli模型能较好地拟合其主要的干燥过程。质量评价结果表明,蒸汽漂烫2 min,100或120℃干燥菊花中,咖啡酰奎宁酸类化合物含量和抗氧化活性较高,该研究可为菊花干燥工艺提供参考。     

辣椒果实成熟过程中硬度及相关生理生化指标的变化

选用2个不同硬度的辣椒品系,在果实成熟的不同时期测定其果肉硬度变化,并测定了与硬度相关的原果胶、果胶和纤维素的含量以及促进细胞壁物质分解的PME,PG,纤维素酶和β_半乳糖苷酶等水解酶的活性。结果表明:果实硬度在转色期最大,随着果实成熟,可溶性果胶含量增加,纤维素含量从转色期开始基本呈下降趋势,从幼果期到转色期PME酶的活性呈上升趋势,529品系酶活性在转色期达到最大,585品系在绿熟期酶活性达到最大值。2个品系的PG酶活性不断上升并在红熟期达到最大值。纤维素酶的活性也呈上升趋势并在转色期达到最大值。2个品系的半乳糖苷酶活性在红熟期达到最大值。辣椒果实成熟软化过程中,其硬度的变化与果胶、纤维素等物质的变化有显著相关性,而这些物质的变化又与促进这些物质水解的细胞壁水解酶活性的变化相一致。在果实成熟的不同时期,这些硬度的相关生理生化指标可以反映出果实的硬度特点,在耐贮运辣椒育种过程中有一定参考价值。     

草莓果实软化机理及调控研究进展

综述了草莓果实软化过程中细胞及呼吸作用的变化；细胞壁水解酶（多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶甲酯酶、纤维素酶）在果实成熟软化过程中的活性及其作用；内源激素（乙烯、生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸）在果实成熟软化过程中的含量变化及其与果实软化的关系；钙对草莓果实成熟的影响及其与软化的关系。总结了近年来控制果实软化的主要措施，包括草莓果实的采前处理和采后处理，介绍了草莓果实的采前保护、采前喷钙、采后冷藏、气调贮藏、涂膜处理、辐射电磁处理、热处理以及防腐保鲜剂等技术的应用情况。     

莱鲍迪A甙制备及其安全性的研究

[目的]探讨超声波提取甜菊糖甙的最佳工艺条件。[方法]利用甜叶菊制取莱鲍迪A甙产品,并对该制备过程中的主要工序提取和重结晶工艺条件进行研究。[结果]结果表明,甜菊糖甙最佳的提取工艺条件为：提取温度68℃,超声功率60w,提取时间32min。从甜菊糖甙混合物中利用重结晶法提纯获得莱鲍迪A甙,HPLC测定其纯度为94．7％。毒性试验可知莱鲍迪A甙是无毒的。[结论]该试验为莱鲍迪A甙的工业化生产提供了理论指导。     

肉苁蓉的药用有效成分及其寄生机理的研究进展

肉苁蓉为列当科肉苁蓉属的多年生专性根寄生植物,其寄主为藜科的固沙植物梭梭。肉苁蓉具有多种化学成分,主要有苯乙醇苷类、环烯醚萜类、木脂素类、多糖、生物碱、氨基酸、无机微量元素等。目前,对肉苁蓉寄生机理的研究还不是很深入,主要从肉苁蓉种子的萌发过程,吸器的诱导因子及寄生植物对外源物质的识别3方面简单阐述了其寄生机理。     

多糖水解酶活力的测定方法研究进展

综述了目前常用的几种多糖水解酶活力的测定方法,并介绍了一些最新涌现的方法。还原糖测定法由于具有简便、快速、低成本、可高通量、实时测定的特点,仍是当前酶活力测定中的首推方法,其中灵敏度较高、可较准确地测定酶解初速度的3-甲基-2．苯并噻唑酮腙（MBTH）法将更加受到业界的推崇。灵敏度普遍较高的荧光法如果能克服底物成本较高,制备过程中分子量降低等问题,也将得以广泛应用。