基于支持向量机回归的营养液调控模型研究

针对目前设施栽培中营养液动态调配精确度低的问题,提出一种基于支持向量机回归(Support vector machine regression,SVR)的营养液调控模型.首先,通过设计嵌套试验采集了13个温度、50组不同Knop营养液(A:99％Ca(N03)2·4H20、B:98％KN03、C:99％KH2P04、D...     

Response of Rice Seedlings to Copper Toxicity and Acidity

Metal toxicity and soil acidity affect plant growth. A hydroponic experiment was conducted to simulate effects of pH and copper concentration [Cu] on early growth and biomass production of high-yielding rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. ‘NIAB 6’). The rice seedlings were allowed to grow in Yoshida nutrient solution with 1 (control), 8, 16, and 32 μM Cu at buffered pH levels of 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Shoot and root growth, leaf chlorophyll content, and root lipid peroxidation and K⁺ leakage of 15-day-old rice seedlings were determined. Results show that [Cu] had significant adverse effects on rice seedlings. Shoot height and root length were reduced by 18%–60% and 7%–69%, respectively, compared with the control, and shoot and root weight decreased by 26%–56%, and 25%, respectively, in response to progressive increases in [Cu]. Similarly, leaf chlorophyll content decreased by 150%–245% compared with the control treatment. Rice seedling roots suffered from significant increases in lipid peroxidation followed by K⁺ leakage (> 8–23 times) in response to increasing [Cu]. Averaged across [Cu], seedling growth and biomass were greater at pH 5.5 than at other pH treatments. In some instances, increasing pH minimized the adverse effects of Cu at low concentrations on rice seedlings.     

Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth and Elemental Concentration in Two Azalea Cultivars

Abstract

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron canescens “Brook” and Rhododendron austrinum were grown in sand culture with a modified Hoagland's solution under greenhouse conditions. The effect of varying ammonium:nitrate (NO₃ ^?:NH₄ ⁺) ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, 0:100) on growth, chlorophyll content, plant quality, and elemental tissue concentration were determined. With NO₃ ^? as the nitrogen (N) form, both azalea cultivars exhibited less vegetative growth, lower overall plant quality, with leaves showing visual chlorotic symptoms in comparison to plants receiving NH₄ ⁺ as the N‐form. Leachate pH was highest with NO₃ ^? as the predominate N‐form and decreased significantly with each increment of NH₄ ⁺. With both azalea cultivars, N‐form significantly influenced uptake and utilization of essential plant nutrients. Leaf concentrations of N, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), boron (B), and molybdenum (Mo) were highest with NO₃ ^?‐N. Leaf elemental concentrations of phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) increased as NH₄ ⁺ supplied more of the N‐ratio. Significant differences in Mg, Mn, and Zn were observed between species. Results from this study show that foliar N concentration is not an accurate indicator of plant growth response. Further investigations are needed to determine if foliarchlorosis and low growth rates observed with NO₃ ^? fed plants due to an Fe deficiency, to low nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the leaves, or to a combination of these factors.     

镉污染下不同类型水稻土氮素供应特征及其影响因素

污染条件下的土壤氮素供应影响了作物生产和植物生态修复。采用温室盆栽试验,研究了两种剂量镉污染下我国21种水稻土无机氮的供应特征和影响因素。结果表明：淹水10天后,不同水稻土土壤溶液无机态氮含量变幅为1.42 ~ 70.40 mg/L （(平均值为16.76 mg/L）),其中NH4+-N和NO3--N分别占62.5% 和33.7%;与施肥对照相比,镉污染降低了大多数水稻土土壤溶液无机态氮的含量,平均降幅为58.4%,主要是由土壤溶液NH4+-N含量下降所致;土壤溶液NO3--N含量受镉污染的影响程度则因土壤类型而异。基于典范对应分析的偏因子分析（(VPA）)表明镉污染对水稻土土壤溶液无机氮含量的影响最大,其次是土壤类型,施肥影响最小,三类因子单独作用的影响比例分别为40.38%、6.51% 和0.05%。镉污染下,pH、CEC和土壤质地显著影响水稻土无机氮供应,其中土壤pH是镉污染条件下影响NH4+-N含量变化的首要因子。     

Is PLOS ONE Attracting Highly Cited Papers in the Food Sciences? Comparing Authors' Most Cited Work to Their PLOS ONE Articles Published 2006–2016

Since 2007, the Open Access journal PLOS ONE has published 194,622 expert-reviewed scientific papers, including 85 related to the human food sciences such as food safety, general food science, and nutrition. Seventy-five of their corresponding authors had previously published. Their most cited articles in other journals were identified and citation counts compared against those earned by their PLOS ONE papers. No PLOS ONE food sciences paper has yet been cited more than an author's best effort in the field in other journals. More than half (38) of the 75 PLOS ONE papers studied remain uncited even by their own authors.     

土壤溶液浓度的野外测定方法研究

为寻求一种野外快速有效测定土壤溶液浓度的方法,于新疆自治区南疆地区开展了田间试验。利用负压计监测土壤水分,在土壤达到饱和时,在相同深度分别借助土钻和土壤水提取器同时取土样和土壤水样,利用电导率仪测定土壤电导率(EC1:5)和饱和土壤电导率(ECe),使用火焰光度计和滴定法测定土壤水溶液浓度(C),并利用SPSS17.0软件对实测数据进行线性回归分析及检验。结果表明,南疆砂壤土条件下,EC1:5值在0~10000μS/cm范围内,EC1:5与土壤总盐含量呈显著线性关系土壤ECe可用土壤EC1:5进行推算,二者关系系数可以根据饱和重量含水量确定在土壤达到饱和,EC1:5在0~3000μS/cm时,土壤溶液浓度与EC1:5呈显著线性关系。因此,通过野外测得土壤样品的EC1:5,并确定其适用条件后,根据相关关系可直接计算得到ECe和C。     

滴灌施肥下水肥用量对温室土壤硝态氮残留的影响

【目的】通过水肥管理达到减少温室土壤硝态氮残留、维持土壤质量的目的,探求温室土壤硝态氮残留与水肥用量的关系。【方法】在滴灌施肥条件下,以灌水量和氮、磷、钾及有机肥用量为试验因素,根据当地日光温室番茄长季节栽培实际中的水肥用量,设计各试验因子的水肥水平,采用五元二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验。拉秧后测定耕层土壤硝态氮量,建立土壤硝态氮量与水肥因子间的数学模型,据此分析了各单因子效应及二因素的耦合效应。【结果】施氮量对土壤硝态氮残留量影响最大,施磷量、灌水量和施钾量次之,有机肥用量最小。当其他因子为0水平时,土壤硝态氮残留量随氮肥用量的增多而增加,随施磷量呈开口向上的抛物线变化,随灌水量、施钾量以及有机肥用量呈开口向下的抛物线变化。灌水量及氮、磷、钾和有机肥用量对土壤硝态氮残留产生的影响程度随其他因子的水平而变,存在明显交互作用。模型寻优显示:灌水量455.1～471.5 mm,施氮量532.3～586.5 kg/hm2,施磷量420.8～466.4 kg/hm2,施钾量646.1～723.5 kg/hm2,有机肥用量25.6～27.9 t/hm2,耕层土壤硝态氮量可维持在100～150 mg/kg的较低水平。【结论】温室菜地土壤硝态氮残留量相对较大,可以通过优化水肥用量来减少土壤硝态氮的残留,故在滴灌施肥条件下仍需严格控制水肥用量。     

具有解析式位置正解的2T1R并联机构运动性能分析

求解具有解析式位置正解且部分运动解耦的并联机构,有利于后续的误差分析、动力学分析、运动轨迹规划与控制等。基于方位特征方程(POC)的并联机构设计理论与方法,设计了两种具有解析式位置正解且部分运动解耦的2T1R并联机构,并对这两种机构进行了方位特征、自由度及耦合度等主要拓扑性能分析;提出基于拓扑特征的运动学建模与求解方法,并据此求解了两种机构的解析式位置正解;基于导出的位置反解,分析了两种机构工作空间、奇异位形、动平台的速度与加速度变化规律。最后比较了两种机构的运动性能,选择了优选机型。为优选机型的动力学分析与样机研制提供了理论基础。     

NaCl溶液处理亚热带土壤水分特征曲线差异与模型优选

携带大量盐分的低质水长期灌溉导致土壤存在极大的物理化学特性退化风险,为了探究盐分对土壤水分特征曲线影响的差异性,采用压力膜法对亚热带地区粘性潮土、沙性潮土、红壤、紫色土、水稻土等5种土壤进行室内测定,对比分析了各土壤在0、5、10、15 g/L等4个钠盐浓度水平下土壤水分特征曲线的差异,并利用RETC软件结合数理统计方法确定了各土壤不同钠盐浓度水平下相应的最优拟合模型。结果表明:钠盐处理均可提高各土壤的持水能力,且粘粒含量较高的土壤影响显著;钠盐处理减少了粘性潮土、沙性潮土和红壤的有效含水率,分别最大减少了40.8%、30.5%、31.5%,却提高了紫色土、水稻土有效含水率,分别最大提高了45.7%、28.9%。粘粒含量少或低浓度盐溶液处理的土壤水分特征曲线以BC模型拟合最优,而粘粒含量多且高浓度盐溶液处理的以DP-M模型拟合最优。     

不同煤基腐殖酸对土壤锌淋洗效果的研究

为了研究不同煤基腐殖酸对土壤锌的淋洗效果,从而进一步探讨其调控土壤锌移动性的效果,采用土柱淋洗方法,研究了11种煤基腐殖酸及EDTA在2种淋洗方式（去离子水淋洗和5% KCl溶液淋洗）下对土壤Zn的淋洗效果的影响。结果表明：11种煤基腐殖酸处理下,去离子水淋洗液中Zn含量与CK2相比,1~10号煤基腐殖酸对土壤Zn都有一定的钝化作用,降低了Zn在土壤中的迁移性,而11号煤基腐殖酸增强了Zn在土壤中的迁移性,但11种煤基腐殖酸处理下的淋洗效果均低于EDTA处理下的淋洗效果。同时,5% KCl溶液对Zn的淋洗效果好于去离子水。