库克群岛海域海洋环境因子对大眼金枪鱼渔获率的影响

为了掌握库克群岛海域海洋环境因子对延绳钓渔业中大眼金枪鱼渔获率的影响,实验利用2013年9月8日—12月31日在库克群岛海域作业的延绳钓渔业调查数据,所获数据包括:钓钩深度数据,温度、叶绿素a浓度、三维海流的垂直剖面数据,作业参数,渔获统计数据,采用逐步回归的方法建立钓钩预测深度计算模型,利用统计和聚类分析的方法分析大眼金枪鱼渔获率与海洋环境因子的关系。结果发现,在库克群岛附近海域,大眼金枪鱼渔获率较高的水层、温度、叶绿素a浓度、东西海流、南北海流、水平海流和垂直海流分别为120.0～199.9 m、13.0～14.9 ℃、0.200～0.239 μg/L、0.1～0.2 m/s、-0.2～0 m/s、0.1～0.4 m/s和0.04～0.05 m/s。在该海域作业、以大眼金枪鱼为目标鱼种时,建议在大眼金枪鱼渔获率较高的水层、温度、叶绿素a浓度、水平海流和垂直海流范围内增加钓钩投放数量。     

Insights into the genetic diversity and evolution of Little cherry virus 1

Little cherry virus 1 (LChV‐1), a member of the recently proposed genus Velarivirus, is a sweet cherry pathogen that has been recently reported to infect other Prunus species and is associated with various plant disorders. In this work the incidence of the virus on its putative hosts and possible mechanisms driving its evolution were investigated. Due to problems encountered with LChV‐1 detection, a new nested RT‐PCR assay was developed and applied. The virus was found to be prevalent in cherry plantations in Greece and only occasionally detected in other Prunus species. Sequences corresponding to the partial RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), heat‐shock protein homologue (HSP70h) and coat protein (CP) genes were determined from Greek LChV‐1 isolates originating from different hosts; these were analysed, along with published homologous genomic regions from other isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of the three genes revealed the segregation of four evolutionary distinct groups showing no host or geography‐based clustering. Mean genetic distances among the four groups were high with the CP region showing the highest divergence, although intragroup variability levels were low. Nevertheless, estimations of the mean ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions per synonymous site to synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dN/dS) for the partial RdRp, HSP70h and CP indicated that these genomic regions are under negative selection pressure. Interestingly, a recombination event was identified at the 3′ end of RdRp on a Greek virus isolate, thus highlighting the role of this mechanism in the evolutionary history of LChV‐1.     

基于偏离份额模型的山东半岛蓝区海洋渔业产业结构演进分析

运用偏离份额模型,以全国为参考大区,分析了1993-2012年山东半岛蓝区海洋渔业的份额分量N、竞争力偏离分量P、结构偏离分量D。研究结果表明,蓝区海洋渔业仍处于结构演进的"一、二、三"起步阶段:第一产业比重稳步下降,但其中海洋捕捞所占比重依然过大;第二产业比重逐步提高,但产业内部结构存在调整空间;第三产业发展缓慢,缺乏竞争力。根据上述问题,建议通过坚持"以养为主"方针,优化海洋捕捞生产结构,加快发展水产品后续深度加工工业,稳步推进第三产业发展,最终实现海洋渔业产业结构优化。     

双齿围沙蚕-牙鲆网箱综合养殖模型碳、氮收支的实验研究

在实验室条件下, 设计相同的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)鱼苗网箱养殖密度(密度5尾/箱, 鱼苗体质量约21 g), 分别与不同数量的双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis albuhitensis, 0 g, 50 g, 70 g, 90 g)混合养殖, 4个实验组分别记作C、S1、S2和S3, 网箱规格为Ф60 cm×30 cm。各实验组设3个平行组, 实验进行40 d。牙鲆和沙蚕在称重前均饥饿24 h, 同时取5尾牙鲆和20 g沙蚕作为实验初始样品。实验期间, 每天07:30和18:00分2次投喂配合饲料, 根据对照组饵料剩余情况适时调整投喂量, 每个实验单元的投饵量基本一致, 此过程中不处理残饵和粪便。实验单元采用微流水, 流量为250~500 L/d。实验期间, 24 h持续微量充气。至实验结束时, 全部生物饥饿24 h。将其全部取出, 擦干体表水分, 称重后置于70℃干燥箱中烘干至衡重, 研磨、分析。结果表明, 对照组(C)的底质积累碳、氮量最高, 各实验组水体净输出的氮和有机碳量以及呼吸碳量分别无显著差异(P>0.05)。饲料是碳、氮输入的主要来源。在输出各项中, 各个实验组水体净输出氮占输出氮比例无显著差异(P>0.05), 而系统净排放氮以对照组所占比例最高, 但与S1和S2组无显著差异(P>0.05); 对照组底质积累氮所占输出氮比例显著高于S2和S3组(P<0.05)。对照组底质积累碳所占比例显著高于其他各实验组(P<0.05); 对照组和S1组的水体净输出有机碳比例显著高于S3组(P<0.05), 而S3组碳净排放占碳输出的比例显著低于对照组和S1组(P<0.05)。碳、氮产投比均以对照组最低。在本研究条件下, 双齿围沙蚕在综合养殖模型中可利用牙鲆网箱养殖产生的残饵和粪便, 减少底质碳、氮积累, 提高产投比, 综合养殖模型既可以降低碳、氮排放, 又可以增加产品产出。结论认为, 网箱养殖牙鲆搭配双齿围沙蚕的综合养殖模型理论上具有可行性, 双齿围沙蚕可以作为牙鲆网箱养殖产生的残饵和粪便的一道有效处理屏障, 此模型在港湾和围堰鱼类网箱养殖中更有意义。

     

Origins of the bottom trawling controversy in the British Isles: 19th century witness testimonies reveal evidence of early fishery declines

Bottom trawling (nets towed along the seabed) spread around the British Isles from the 1820s, yet the collection of national fisheries statistics did not begin until 1886. Consequently, analysis of the impacts of trawling on fish stocks and habitats during this early period is difficult, yet without this information, we risk underestimating the extent of changes that have occurred as a result of trawling activities. We examined witness testimonies recorded during two Royal Commissions of Enquiry (1863–66 and 1883–85). These enquiries interviewed hundreds of fishers about the early effects of sail trawling and the changes they were witnessing to fish stocks, habitats and fishing practises during this time. We converted all quantitative statements of perceived change in fish stocks and fishing practices to relative change. Witnesses from the north‐east of England interviewed during 1863 revealed an average perceived decline in whitefish of 64% during their careers, which many blamed upon trawling. Between 1867 and 1892, trawl‐landing records from the same location suggest that this trajectory continued, with fish availability declining by 66% during the period. Fishers adapted to these declines by increasing distances travelled to fishing grounds and increasing gear size and quantity. However, inshore declines continued and by the early 1880s even trawl owners were calling for closures of territorial waters to trawling in order to protect fish nursery and spawning grounds. Until now, these testimonies have been largely forgotten, yet they reveal that alterations to near‐shore habitats as a result of trawling began long before official data collection was initiated.     

Weak effects of habitat type on susceptibility to invasive freshwater species: an Italian case study

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Distribution of herbicide‐resistant acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase alleles in Lolium rigidum across grain cropping areas of South Australia

Resistance to the acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)‐inhibiting herbicides in Lolium rigidum is widespread in grain cropping areas of South Australia. To better understand the occurrence and spread of resistance to these herbicides and how it has changed with time, the carboxyl transferase (CT) domain of the ACCase gene from resistant L. rigidum plants, collected from both random surveys of the mid‐north of Southern Australia over 10 years as well as stratified surveys in individual fields, was sequenced and target site mutations characterised. Amino acid substitutions occurring as a consequence of these target site mutations, at seven positions in the ACCase gene previously correlated with herbicide resistance, were identified in c. 80% of resistant individuals, indicating target site mutation is a common mechanism of resistance in L. rigidum to this herbicide mode of action. Individuals containing multiple amino acid substitutions (two, and in two cases, three substitutions) were also found. Substitutions at position 2041 occurred at the highest frequency in all years of the large area survey, while substitutions at position 2078 were most common in the single farm analysis. This study has shown that target site mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in ACCase of L. rigidum are widespread across South Australia and that these mutations have likely evolved independently in different locations. The results indicate that seed movement, both within and between fields, may contribute to the spread of resistance in a single field. However, over a large area, the independent appearance and selection of target site mutations conferring resistance through herbicide use is the most important factor.     

水稻卷叶突变体rl15(t)的生理学分析及基因定位

【目的】对环境诱导卷叶突变体开展生理学特性分析,并对候选的突变基因开展初步定位,为下一步的基因克隆与功能分析提供研究基础。【方法】用60Coγ射线诱变粳稻品种日本晴（Nipponbare）种子,发现了一份叶片在晴朗天的正午时分高度内卷的突变体,命名为rl15(t)（rolled leaf 15）。通过田间种植鉴定,对该突变体进行表型观察及主要农艺性状调查。采用不同温度和相对湿度处理rl15(t)和野生型,以揭示影响突变体叶片卷曲的环境因素。试验设置3个处理温度（24℃、29℃、34℃）和2个相对湿度（RH=60%或95%）,在人工气候箱处理抽穗期的rl15(t)和野生型,以处理1.5 h后的剑叶测定叶片卷曲度（RLI）。自清晨6:00时至下午18:00时,每隔2 h用便携式气体交换系统Li-6400测定rl15(t)和野生型剑叶的净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和气孔导度（Gs）等指标,同时用WP4露点水势仪测定剑叶的叶片水势,分析并比较突变体和野生型的上述生理表现的异同。将rl15(t)与野生型日本晴杂交,观察F1植株和F2群体的叶片表型,对F2表型分离进行χ2测验,分析突变体的遗传行为。以rl15(t)×珍汕97B的F2群体为材料,利用BSA法对候选基因进行定位。【结果】与野生型亲本日本晴相比,rl15(t)突变体植株变矮、分蘖减少、穗长变短、籽粒变小、生育期延迟;rl15(t)突变体叶片短窄且在阴雨天气或晴天的清晨和黄昏时表现为正常的平展或轻微内卷,但在晴朗天的正午时分表现高度内卷。温度和湿度梯度处理试验表明,rl15(t)突变体叶片卷曲行为受环境诱导,湿度是诱导突变体叶片卷曲的主要因素,高温可促进该表型的表现。rl15(t)突变体剑叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度等光合参数以及叶片水势在清晨和黄昏同野生型亲本较接近,但在正午时分均显著低于野生型;而rl15(t)突变体剑叶的水分利用效率（WUE）在清晨、正午时分和黄昏与野生型接近,但在其他时段显著高于野生型。rl15(t)与野生型亲本日本晴的F1表现叶片正常的平展,F2群体中平展叶与卷叶表型株符合3﹕1分离比,表明rl15(t)突变体的卷叶突变性状受1对隐性核基因控制。RL15(t)初步定位于水稻第10染色体长臂端SSR标记RM25302和RM25343之间,与两标记的遗传距离分别为0.8和2.0 cM。【结论】突变体rl15(t)的卷叶表型是受环境诱导的,候选基因定位于SSR标记RM25302和RM25343之间,该区段内未见同类表型基因的报道,推测RL15(t)可能是一个新的卷叶调控基因。     

家蚕空泡型ATP酶（V-ATPase）基因的基本信息及表达特征

【目的】鉴定家蚕（Bombyx mori）中的空泡型ATP酶（vacuolar-type ATPase, V-ATP酶）A、B亚基的编码基因,并调查其在家蚕幼虫5龄第3天不同组织和上蔟时期丝腺不同区段的表达特征。【方法】利用生物信息学的方法鉴定家蚕的V-ATP酶A、B亚基的编码基因并在线预测V-ATP酶两个亚基所具有的结构域,采用软件将其分别与其他物种中V-ATP酶A、B亚基的氨基酸序列进行同源序列比对和进化树的构建,通过荧光定量PCR技术分析家蚕V-ATP酶A、B亚基的编码基因在5龄第3天家蚕各组织的表达情况。进一步利用向家蚕幼虫上蔟时期的气孔注射pH值指示剂溴酚蓝,对丝腺进行染色,通过颜色变化对丝腺不同区段的pH值进行调查。最后,采用荧光定量PCR对家蚕上蔟时期丝腺不同区段V-ATP酶A、B亚基编码基因的表达情况进行分析。【结果】获得了家蚕V-ATP酶A、B亚基的编码基因BGIBMGA008295(GenBank登录号NM_001098359.1)和BGIBMGA002241(GenBank登录号NM_001098358.1)。结构域预测发现这两个亚基均具有3个非常保守的结构域,分别为位于N端的β筒结构域、序列中部的核苷酸结合结构域和C端结构域。将这两个基因编码的V-ATP酶A、B亚基的氨基酸序列与其他物种V-ATP酶A、B亚基的氨基酸序列进行同源性比对和进化树的构建,同源比对结果发现不同物种中V-ATP酶A、B亚基的氨基酸相似度为90%,保守结构域间相似度高达95%以上,说明不同物种间V-ATP酶A、B亚基高度保守。进化树显示家蚕V-ATP酶A、B亚基与同属于鳞翅目的其他昆虫的V-ATP酶A、B亚基亲缘关系较近。5龄第3天家蚕各组织中V-ATP酶A、B亚基编码基因的荧光定量PCR结果显示,这两个基因主要在中肠、脂肪体、生殖腺和丝腺中表达。使用溴酚蓝染色的方法分析上蔟期丝腺不同区段的pH情况,结果显示家蚕后部丝腺、中部丝腺后区和中区为中性或碱性环境,中部丝腺前区pH急剧下降到酸性环境,前部丝腺也为酸性环境。进一步对V-ATP酶A、B亚基编码基因在上蔟期丝腺不同区段进行表达情况分析,发现V-ATP酶A、B亚基基因在前部丝腺和中部丝腺前区高量表达,推测V-ATP酶可能与这两个区域低pH环境的产生和维持相关。【结论】明确了V-ATP酶在家蚕各组织的表达情况,V-ATP酶可能与中部丝腺前区和前部丝腺腺腔的酸化相关,这为进一步研究V-ATP酶的生理功能提供了理论依据。