The association of culm anatomy with lodging susceptibility in modern spring wheat genotypes

Selection for lodging resistant cultivars in cereal breeding programs is difficult due to the challenge of screening for this trait under natural field conditions. The identification of easily measurable culm traits related to lodging resistance would simplify the selection process. The present study was conducted to determine if differences in culm anatomy exist among modern wheat genotypes differing in lodging susceptibility, and to determine the association between culm characters and lodging. From a 2-year field study conducted in Edmonton, Alberta, 13 spring wheat cultivars were chosen based on predetermined susceptibility to artificially induced lodging. Morphological and anatomical culm measurements were made visually and with an environmental scanning electron microscope. Genotypes differed (P < 0.05) for plant height, number of internodes per culm, basal internode length and diameter, culm wall thickness and the number of vascular bundles, but not for adventitious root frequency, lumen diameter or sclerenchyma ring thickness. Mean genotype field scores for artificially induced lodging were correlated (P < 0.05) with plant height (r= 0.51) and the length of the fourth basal internode (r= 0.51). Short, wide basal internodes and thick culm walls were characteristic of three lodging tolerant genotypes: Kohika, Sapphire and Olso. Nevertheless, despite such apparent genotype specific association between culm anatomy and field lodging, general applicable associations were not observed for most traits. The most practical and easily selectable trait for lodging resistance within a wheat breeding program remains plant height. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying milling quality of rice (Oryza sativa) grains

Milling quality of rice grains is important to both producers and consumers. In this study, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling brown rice rate (BR), milled rice recovery (MR) and head rice recovery (HR) were analysed by composite interval mapping over 2 years using 98 backcross inbred lines (BILs). A total of 12 QTLs for the three traits were detected, of which five were for BR, four for MR and three for HR. The proportion of phenotypic variation explained by individual QTLs ranged from 7.5 to 19.9%, and additive effects contributed by a single QTL accounted for 0.46 to 2.34% of the variation. QTL‐by‐environment interactions were observed by comparing QTL mapping of the same population grown in two consecutive years. Three of five QTLs for BR and two of four QTLs for MR were detected in 2 years, and all three QTLs for HR were detected in 1 year only. BR was significantly correlated with MR, and all four QTLs of MR were located in the same regions as those of BR. This indicated that QTLs for highly correlated traits could often be detected in the same interval.     

规模化奶牛场粪污处理及循环利用模式研究

为探索现阶段规模化奶牛场粪污处理与利用切实可行的模式,通过对大同四方高科农牧公司应用的粪污处理与循环利用模式从节约用水、环境污染、劳动力投入和运行资本等方面与常规模式进行对比分析。结果表明,与常规粪污处理模式相比,大同四方高科农牧公司粪污处理与循环利用模式年可处理粪便4.75万t,尿液2.70万t,污水0.91万t;通过污水循环利用,年节约用水2.63万t,节约开支302.7万元。因此,规模化奶牛场粪污通过固液分离后,尿液和污水通过循环利用,粪便发酵杀菌干燥后作为垫圈材料,对节约用水、改善环境污染、减少劳动力和能耗投入、降低运行成本、提高粪污资源利用效率等具有重要意义。     

Application of modified Deep Belief Network in Forecasting Cotton Diseases and Insect Pests

[Objective] The occurrence and development of cotton diseases and insect pests are mainly related to environmental information. Because this environmental information is various, complex and unstable, the study on the prediction methods of cotton diseases and insect pests is a certain challenge. This study aims to establish a forecasting model for the timely and accurate prediction of cotton diseases and insect pests. [Method] A forecasting model of cotton diseases and insect pests is proposed based on environmental information and a modified Deep Belief Network (DBN) that is constructed by a three-layer restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and a supervised back-propagation (BP) network. In the method, the RBM is used to transform the original environmental information vectors into a new feature space related to the diseases and pests; the BP network is trained to classify and forecast the features generated by the last RBM layer and two rules of dynamic learning and comparison and dispersion are adopted to accelerate the training process of RBM. The proposed model was validated on a dataset of cotton bollworm, aphids, spider, cotton Verticillium wilt, and Fusarium wilt in a recent six-year period. [Result] Compared with the traditional prediction models of cotton diseases and insect pests, the proposed model can deeply explore the extensive correlation between the occurrence of cotton diseases and pests and environmental information. The results show that the proposed model has a higher accuracy compared with the classical predictive models, and the average forecasting accuracy is above 83%. [Conclusion] The proposed method is an effective crop disease and pest forecasting method that can provide a technical support for preventing cotton disease and insect pests.     

基于生态足迹法的土地利用规划环境影响评价──以禹州市为例

随着经济社会的飞速发展,土地供给需求不平衡显得尤为明显,因此要合理规划用地。土地利用规划调整了区域内的土地利用结构及布局,可能会对该区域内的环境造成影响。为研究土地利用规划对环境的影响,笔者采用生态足迹法对河南省禹州市23个乡镇规划前期、规划中期和规划后期的总生态承载力和人均生态承载力进行了分析。结果表明:(1)禹州市的生态承载力由2005年的120062.95 hm~2增加到2009年的120933.45 hm~2,至2020年又增至123070.46 hm~2;(2)人均生态承载力除禹州市区和古城镇人口增长过快的地区下降外,其余地区的人均生态承载力都在规划实施后增加。可以得出结论,新一轮土地利用规划的实施对禹州市的环境是有益的,提高了全市的生态承载力。     

基于支付意愿法的建筑物化环境影响量化研究

以建筑的物化环境影响分析为出发点,对该过程所消耗的资源、能源及有毒物质所造成的环境影响进行定量研究。论文界定了建筑物化环境影响内涵,根据国际环境毒理和化学学会环境评价体系确定12种环境影响要素,依据BEES（Building for Environment and Economic Sustainability）软件计算出建筑全生命周期的环境影响清单,基于支付意愿理论构建了建筑物化环境影响量化模型,并确定江苏地区各环境影响要素的货币值。最后,计算出江苏省某住宅建筑单位面积上环境影响货币值。     

土地利用总体规划环境影响评价研究——以重庆市忠县为例

土地利用总体规划环境影响评价是针对土地利用的宏观结构调整与布局对环境可能造成的影响做出的预测性评估.笔者以重庆市忠县为例,分别从土地利用结构变化、土地利用布局调整和重点建设     

根系对土壤环境胁迫响应的研究进展

根系是土壤和植物的动态界面,植物根系具有锚定植株、吸收和运输土壤中的水分及养分、合成和贮藏营养物质等重要功能。近年来,随着研究方法的改进和现代根系定量分析技术的发展,对根系的研究日益受到重视和关注。因而,根系的研究在多个新的研究方向上展开。本文简要介绍了国内外近年来在根系对土壤环境胁迫响应的研究进展,以供根系研究参考。     

Recent advances in molecular genetics of forest trees

The use of molecular markers has greatly enhanced our understanding of the genome structure of forest trees. Conifers, in particular, have a relatively large genome, containing a very high proportion of repeated DNA, consisting of tandemly repetitive and dispersed repetitive DNA sequences. The nature of highly conserved tandemly repetitive rRNA genes has been investigated in a number of tree species, and their sites mapped on specific chromosomes by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Different families of retrotransposons (IFG, and TPE1) have been isolated and characterized from the dispersed repetitive DNA of pines. Genome maps have been constructed in a number of forest tree genera: Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga, Cryptomeria, Taxus, Populus, and Eucalyptus. EST databases have been established from cDNA clones of pines and poplars. The structure and maternal or paternal modes of inheritance of organelle genomes have been investigated in forest trees. Comparative mapping in conifers has shown that gene families are conserved across genera. Due to lack of polyploidy in conifers, the evolution of this group of trees may have occurred primarily by duplication and dispersal of genes, probably by retrotranspositions, to form complex gene families. The evolution of angiosperm tree species has presumably involved both gene duplication as well as genome duplication (polyploidy). Application of genetic engineering has shown that genes from phylogenetically unrelated organisms can be introduced and expressed in trees, thus offering prospects of genetic improvement of forest trees. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄杨属植物ITS序列分子进化特点分析

黄杨属植物种类多,分类较为混乱,特别是中国特有种珍珠黄杨的分类地位和系统进化存有争议,鉴于此,本文选取黄杨属5种植物和珍稀濒危植物珍珠黄杨的5个居群,对其rDNA ITS序列分析,结合GenBank中报道的黄杨属其它9个种,以板凳果属顶花板凳果的ITS序列为参照,用成对比较的方法对黄杨属18种植物的ITS序列比较发现,...