寒地水稻减叶成因及后期田间栽培管理对策

从水稻减叶角度出发,在阐述寒地水稻品种特性的同时,着重介绍了寒地水稻减叶的成因,明确了寒地水稻减叶的诊断方法和田间生育特点,并针对2010年垦区水稻的实际生育调查状况,提出了水稻减叶相应的栽培管理技术措施。     

广东省不同土地利用方式与碳排放规律分析

探讨了广东省1996—2008年不同土地利用方式的碳排放量及时空变化规律。结果表明:在时间序列上,建设用地的碳排放量变化趋势明显,耕地、草地碳排放变化量不明显,林地变化引起的碳排放量增加,增加量近两年得到有效控制;在空间序列上,不同土地利用方式产生的碳排放情况呈明显的区域差异;碳排放量的变化与区域经济发展特征存在时空耦合规律。在此基础上,从低碳经济的发展角度提出土地利用的相关政策建议。     

直湖港陆域水产养殖区污染特征及输出通量研究

针对太湖主要入湖河流直湖港陆域水产养殖污染问题,于2010年4~11月对其水产养殖较为集中区域进行排污量和水质同步监测与分析,并对其污染特征及输出通量进行研究。结果表明:传统养殖模式下,主要污染物为总磷(TN)和CODMn,两者占总输出通量的88.1%;鳖塘、鱼塘与鱼苗塘TN含量随时间变化波动较大,蟹塘TN含量始终维持在较高水平,夏季TN含量明显增高,有机污染严重,各养殖塘变化趋势相似,其余指标常年处于平稳;鱼苗塘和鱼塘向水环境中TN的年排放量分别为135.9kg/hm2和97.5 kg/hm2,总磷、有机污染物及其他污染物均为各类养殖对象中最高;传统养殖模式下,养蟹死亡率较高,生产单位水产品所带来的污染较为严重;利用单位面积土地养殖鱼类和鱼苗的总污染物输出通量高,分别达377.85 kg/hm2和485.7 kg/hm2,是鳖塘的5~6倍,对环境压力较大;养殖塘投饵量与TN和亚硝态氮的输出通量相关性较大、为0.97和0.94,与高锰酸盐指数的相关性较低、为0.79。     

不同碳源对水稻土泥浆中铁还原特征的影响

以四川省典型水稻土（SC）和浙江省典型水稻土（ZJ）为供试土壤,通过泥浆厌氧培养试验,测定添加葡萄糖、乙酸盐及乳酸等碳源处理下土壤泥浆中Fe(Ⅱ)含量变化,采用Logistic模型对Fe(Ⅲ)的还原特征进行拟合。结果表明,2种水稻土中利用不同碳源的铁还原能力具有明显差异,不同碳源对ZJ的铁还原特征影响较为明显,而对SC的铁还原影响有限;在SC中,添加不同碳源后最大铁还原速率为葡萄糖>乳酸> +Fe >乙酸盐;在ZJ中为葡萄糖>+Fe>乙酸盐>乳酸。通过添加乳酸和乳酸盐处理的比较发现,体系的pH对铁还原的影响显著,其中石灰性水稻土SC酸碱缓冲能力强,表现为对乳酸和乳酸盐处理的铁还原差异不显著,而在酸性水稻土ZJ中的差异明显。葡萄糖对供试土壤中铁还原过程具有明显的促进作用,而添加乙酸盐则具有一定抑制作用,乳酸的作用则因土壤酸碱度而异。较乳酸而言,乳酸盐对水稻土的酸碱性没有选择性,且能够对铁还原过程起到促进作用。     

可降解地膜的生物降解作用研究

为了解生物因素在地膜降解过程中的作用,通过室内模拟试验,研究了6种不同可降解地膜在南疆2种典型土壤林灌草甸土、亚高山草甸土中的生物降解情况。结果表明,在相同的温度和湿度条件下,6种地膜的生物降解差异很大,其中陕西膜X 1的CO2累积释放量远远高于其他5种地膜。同种地膜在不同土壤中的生物降解也表现出差异性,其中差异最大的为PE膜,在林灌草甸土中的CO2累积释放量高于亚高山草甸土的4倍左右。最后通过研究地膜的生物降解模型,发现地膜在生物降解过程均符合一元多项式方程,即Polynomial Fit,且都达到了极显著水平(P<0.01),模拟方程的一般形态为:y=a+bx+cx2+dx3+…,并且呈现出一定的变化规律。因此,地膜进入诱导期以后,在一定的时间尺度内,生物降解发挥着主要作用,开始由碎片状低聚物在微生物和生物酶作用下水解变成尺寸更小的碎片进行生物降解,最后被吞噬细胞吸收,或进一步水解,生成CO2和H2O,其降解规律均符合Polynomid Fit模型。     

浙北平原地区耕地非粮化时空演变特征及碳排放效应分析

掌握耕地非粮化的时空演变特征及其碳排放效应，对于保障粮食安全和发展低碳绿色农业具有重要意义。研究以东部浙江省平原县桐乡市为例，运用遥感技术和GIS空间分析探讨耕地非粮化类型和时空演变特征，并采用生命周期评价法评估不同耕地非粮化类型的碳排放效应。研究表明：1）桐乡市2005—2020年耕地非粮化率由1.56%提升至7.50%，非粮化面积净增加2 464.74 hm²，在空间上呈现团状集聚型格局，高值集聚区分布在西南远郊水网密布地区。2）耕地非粮化的坑塘养殖类型面积占比最大，其次为苗木种植和蔬菜大棚，2005—2020年耕地非粮化主导类型由苗木种植为主转变为多类型交错分布模式。3）2005—2020年桐乡市耕地非粮化导致的碳排放量由22 233.18t增长至98 853.27t，其中坑塘养殖对碳排放量的贡献最大，2020年达到83.7%；在空间上呈现西南远郊高值集聚、中部近郊低值环状分布的态势。在保障区域粮食安全的前提下，应结合不同非粮化类型的碳排放效应，分区域、分类别地实施耕地非粮化管控，实现耕地保护和低碳利用协同发展。     

东深供水改造工程石头岭滑坡稳定性与加固方案的研究

通过对滑坡体的概况及水文地质条件的总结和分析,认为:边坡破坏类型为松散堆积层滑坡,主要是坡残积土在持续的降雨条件下,降雨在松散坡体内聚集,加之坡脚处炭质泥岩遇水软化作用所导致的坡体浅层滑动。在两个最危险滑动面上,分别对该滑坡进行了门架式双排抗滑桩、预应力锚索抗滑桩加固方案设计,并对这两种加固方法进行了比较。利用SlopeCAD、有限元强度折减法对加固后的边坡进行了稳定性分析,计算发现,加固后,边坡的安全系数有较大程度提高,边坡处于稳定状态。     

Modifying otter boards to reduce bottom contact: effects on catches and efficiencies of triple‐rigged penaeid trawls

Two otter‐board modifications designed to minimise bottom contact (and therefore habitat impacts) were compared against conventional otter boards for their relative effects on the engineering and catching efficiencies of triple‐rigged penaeid trawls. The first modification involved restricting the angle of attack (AOA) of a flat–rectangular otter board to <30^° by attaching a restraining line to an adjacent sled, while the second was a ‘batwing’ otter board comprising a sled‐and‐sail assembly operating at 20^° AOA. The modifications reduced otter‐board bottom contact by up to 8 ha over a night's fishing without affecting standardised catches (per ha) of the targeted eastern king prawns, Penaeus plebejus, nor the fuel required. Further, compared to all other trawls, the restrained trawls caught less discarded bycatch (by up to 37%), while the trawls spread by the modified flat–rectangular and batwing otter boards caught more individuals of three retained benthic teleost species per ha than the conventional configuration; results that were attributed to species‐specific herding responses. Both modifications represent simple alternatives where there are concerns over either benthic impacts or, for the restraining line, unwanted bycatches in penaeid‐trawl fisheries.     

The impact of uprooting and soil-covering on the effectiveness of weed harrowing

The impact of uprooting and covering plants on mortality and growth reduction was investigated in the laboratory using Lolium perenne L. and Lepidium sativum L. (harrowed 3–4 days after emergence) and Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (harrowed at emergence) as model weed species. Although the predominant initial effect of harrowing was to cover the plants, only 1–17% of the non-uprooted covered plants were killed because the depth at which they were buried by the harrow was shallow. Uprooting was more effective (47–61% mortality) but strongly dependent on soil moisture content. It accounted for 93 and 95% of L. sativum and C. quinoa mortality, but for only 60% of L. perenne mortality. In L. perenne , the species most sensitive to burying, a strong positive relationship was observed between the percentage of plants covered by harrowing and the fresh weight reduction of the total population 6 days after harrowing. The fresh weight reduction of the total L. sativum population was best related to the percentage of uprooted plants, but the percentage of covered plants also appeared to be a good predictor because of its correlation with uprooting. Most of the uprooted plants were also buried. The fresh weight reduction of the total C. quinoa population was not related to the covering effect of harrowing and only weakly related to the percentage of uprooted plants. The results indicate that the plant recovery process after harrowing needs further study and that field research methods should be refined so that they can better discern initial and final harrowing effects on weeds.     

The potential of middle eastern flora as a source of new safe bio-acaricides to control<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetranychus cinnabarinus</Emphasis>, the carmine spider mite

Twenty-nine plant extracts of local species were evaluated for their potential as a source of bioactive ingredients with significant acaricidal activity that could lead to the development of new and safe bio-acaricides. The crude extracts (70% ethanol) of these plants were tested for their acaricidal activity against the carmine spider miteTetranychus cinnabarinus in a bioassay under controlled conditions. Mortality, repellency, and the number of eggs laid were measured. Extracts fromEucalyptus camaldulensis andInula viscosa caused more than 25% mortality. Sixteen plant extracts showed significant repellency compared with the control. The six best extracts, resulting in more than 75% repellency, were fromAllium sativum, Capparis spinosa, Cupressus sempervirens, Lupinus pilosus, Rhus coriaria andTamarix aphylla. Extracts from 16 plants were found to cause a significant reduction in the number of eggs laid compared with the control. The greatest reduction was achieved by extracts fromC. spinosa, Cyperus rotundus, E. camaldulensis, L. pilosus, Punica granatum, R. coriaria andT. aphylla. A relatively negative fit was found between the mean number of repelled mites and the number of eggs laid (r=−0.65), which might indicate that most repelled mites were unable to lay eggs before leaving the leaf discs of the bioassay. Our results show that several plant extracts have good potential for acaricidal activity and are worth further investigation. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 16, 2003.