3-硝基酯-1-丙醇抑制反刍动物瘤胃甲烷排放的机理及对动物的影响

反刍动物甲烷的排放既造成饲料能量的浪费,也会加剧全球变暖作用。在反刍动物瘤胃中,产甲烷菌主要利用二氧化碳转化产生甲烷。产甲烷菌转化二氧化碳的最后一步反应需要甲基辅酶M还原酶参与,3-硝基酯-1-丙醇(3-nitrooxypropanol,3-NOP)是一种甲基辅酶M类似物,能与辅酶B结合,从而减少甲基辅酶M与辅酶B结合生成甲烷,因此3-NOP能有效地降低瘤胃甲烷的产生。本文旨在阐明3-NOP抑制反刍动物瘤胃甲烷产生的机制以及对反刍动物生产的影响。     

Low sulfide concentrations affect nitrate transformations in freshwater and saline coastal retention pond sediments

Coastal areas in the southeastern USA are prone to hurricanes and strong storms that may cause salt-water influx to freshwater aquatic sediments. These changes in environmental conditions may impact sediment processes including nitrogen (N) cycling. The relative abilities of sediment microbial communities from two freshwater golf course retention ponds that drain into the adjacent wetlands, and two proximal saline wetland ponds, to remove nitrate (NO₃⁻) were compared to assess whether low concentrations of sulfide changed N-transformation processes. Microcosms were incubated with NO₃-N (300 μg g dw⁻¹) alone, and with NO₃-N and sulfide (H₂S) (100 and 200 μg g dw⁻¹). Nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrite (NO₂⁻), NO₃⁻, ammonium (NH₄⁺), SO₄²⁻ and acid volatile sulfides were analyzed over time. The acetylene block technique was used to measure denitrification in sediment microcosms with no added H₂S. Denitrification was measured without acetylene (C₂H₂) addition in microcosms with added H₂S. With no added H₂S, denitrification was greater in the freshwater retention ponds than in the wetland ponds. Although low H₂S concentrations generally increased NO₃-N removal rates at all sites, lag periods were increased and denitrification was inhibited by low sulfide in the freshwater sediments, as evidenced by the greater concentrations of N₂O that accumulated compared to those in the wetland sediments. In addition to the inability of the freshwater sediments to convert N₂O to N₂ in the absence of C₂H₂, anomalously high transient NO₂-N concentrations accumulated in the retention pond samples. NH₄-N formation generally decreased due to H₂S addition at the freshwater sites; NH₄-N formation increased initially at the wetland sites, but was greater when no H₂S was added. Storm events that allow influx of SO₄²⁻-containing seawater into freshwater systems may change the dominant N species produced from nitrate reduction. Even low concentrations of sulfide produced incomplete denitrification and decreased formation of NH₄⁺ in these coastal freshwater sediments.     

中国城市化发展、能源消费与碳排放的实证研究

选取了1995年至2007年我国29个省市面板数据,建立以城市化水平为被解释变量,能源消费和碳排放作为解释变量的模型,通过协方差分析检验和Haus man检验的分析结果,确定研究模型的形式为固定影响变截距模型,最后,通过对拟合模型的结果分析,实证结果表明：高能耗、高排放、粗放式经济发展方式不利于城市化水平的提高;同时,各省市的城市化发展水平也存在差异.因此,各省市应在城市化工业化进程中推进产业结构和能源消费结构调整使其朝着更有利于节能环保的方向演进,节能减排政策的调整重点应该放在能源强度和能源消费碳强度上.     

受迫振动深松机性能参数优化与试验

为解决目前深松作业机具耕作阻力大、深松深度不稳定、耕作质量不高的问题,该文采用振动减阻原理设计研制了受迫振动深松机。通过分析深松铲的结构和运动过程,建立深松铲的数学模型;确定影响深松牵引阻力的参数;采用正交试验方法得出影响受迫振动参数的最优组合:前进速度2 km/h,振动频率为10 Hz,振动角度为12°。为了验证性能参数最优组合的正确性,开展了受迫振动深松机性能参数检测试验。试验结果表明:振动深松前后,土壤各土层容重均下降,表层土下降达21.74%;在15~25 cm土层含水率增加16.02%;深松后地表平整,耕深稳定变异系数为7.37%,稳定性系数92.63%,振动深松作业后测得土壤扰动系数为57.11%,土壤蓬松度为36.96%,土壤蓬松度和扰动系数均达测试指标的要求。采用受迫振动能使振动深松机显著降低牵引阻力9.09%,减阻效果明显。该研究对深松机振动特性分析与性能参数设计提供了参考。     

郑州城市林木节能减排的经济价值评估

对郑州城市林木节能减排的经济价值进行了评估,郑州城市林木节能23981．30万kWh／a。价值13429．81万元／a;减少CO2排放量5．07万t/,a,价值5150．35万元／a;减少SO2排放量0．21万t/a,价值256．30万元／a;郑州城市林木节能减排的总经济价值为18836．46万元／a。     

声发射检测技术及其在木质材料无损检测中应用的展望

介绍了声发射检测技术的定义、原理和特点, 回顾了声发射技术的发展历史以及它在木质材料无损检测领域中的应用; 在此基础上提出声发射检测技术在木材科学与技术领域的应用前景。     

木材干燥过程中声发射信号分析

对木材在干燥过程中产生的声发射信号进行采集和特征分析,结果表明:木材干燥过程中主要采集到两种不同类型的声发射信号:一种信号来自木材内部自由水的蒸发,与木质部导管内水分空穴化过程的声发射信号一致;另一种信号与木材干燥过快时自身形变开裂相关.作为一种木材干燥质量的控制方法,测量和分析声发射信号,可为木材干燥温度和湿度的控制提供依据,实现防止木材干裂、提高木材干燥质量的目的.     

PET/CT FOLLOWING INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY FOR PRIMARY LUNG TUMOR IN A DOG

A primary lung tumor in a dog treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy was imaged approximately 6 weeks and 1-year posttreatment with combined positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography, utilizing the radiotracers 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 18F-fluorothymidine. These two tracers allowed discrimination of tumor from inflammation, and demonstrated spread of tumor along airways over time after treatment. Fusion of functional imaging with anatomic imaging is a useful tool, particularly in the field of oncology, with the potential for PET markers that delineate tumor from normal or reactive tissue, and potential or actual response to therapy.     

A Study on the Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium Ion in the Process of Sintering and Ironmaking

The basic principle of using chromium leach residue as melting flux of blast furnace is introduced in this paper.The reduction thermodynamics of Na 2CrO 4 and chromium oxides in the process of sintering and ironmaking is studied,and the simulating experiments in the laboratory and industrial experiments in 600 m 3 blase furnace are carried out.The results of thermodynamical study and experimental study show that hexavalent chromium ion in the burden can be well eliminated in the process of sintering and ironmaking.     

Leaf K/Na ratio predicts salinity induced yield loss in irrigated rice

Salinity is a major constraint to irrigated rice production, particularly in semi-arid and arid climates. Irrigated rice is a well suited crop to controlling and even decreasing soil salinity, but rice is a salt-susceptible crop and yield losses due to salinity can be substantial. The objective of this study was to develop a highly predictive screening tool for the vegetative growth stage of rice to estimate salinity-induced yield losses. Twenty-one rice genotypes were grown over seven seasons in a field trials in Ndiaye, Senegal, between 1991 and 1995 and were subjected to irrigation with moderately saline water (3.5 mS cm^-1, electrical conductivity) or irrigation with fresh water. Potassium/sodium ratios of the youngest three leaves (K/Na_Leaves) were determined by flame photometry at the late vegetative stage. Grain yield was determined at maturity. All cultivars showed strong log-linear correlations between K/Na_Leaves and grain yield, but intercept and slope of those correlations differed between seasons for a given genotype and between genotypes. The K/Na_Leaves under salinity was related to grain yield under salinity relative to freshwater controls. There was a highly significant correlation (p < 0.001) between K/Na_Leaves and salinity-induced grain yield reduction: the most susceptible cultivars had lowest K/Na_Leaves and the strongest yield reductions. Although there were major differences in the effects of salinity on crops in both the hot dry season (HDS) and the wet season, the correlation was equally significant across cropping seasons. The earliest possible time to establish the relationship between K/Na_Leaves under salinity and grain yield reduction due to salinity was investigated in an additional trial in the HDS 1998. About 60 days after sowing, salinity-induced yield loss could be predicted through K/Na_Leaves with a high degree of confidence (p < 0.01). A screening system for salinity resistance of rice, particularly in arid and semi-arid climates, is proposed based on the correlation between K/Na_Leaves under salinity and salinity-induced yield losses. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.