虾夷扇贝二倍体与三倍体脂肪酸组成的比较

采用毛细管色谱柱对虾夷扇贝二倍体与三倍体的脂肪酸组成进行了检测。结果表明 :①两者闭壳肌和外套膜的脂肪酸组成相似 ,特征为多烯酸 (PUFA) >饱和脂肪酸 (SFA) >单烯酸 (MUFA) ,PUFA以n 3系列为主 ,主要脂肪酸为 2 2∶6n 3(2 3.9%～ 2 8.9% )、2 0∶5n 3(17.6 %～ 2 0 .6 % )、16∶0 (11.0 %～ 19.4 % )、18∶0 (7.3%～8.1% )、2 0∶4n 6 (2 .8%～ 5 .5 % ) ;②生殖腺的脂肪酸种类相似 ,但两者多数脂肪酸的含量差异显著 ,其中三倍体的SFA和MUFA含量显著高于二倍体 (P <0 .0 1) ,而PUFA含量显著低于二倍体 (P <0 .0 1)。     

二倍体泥鳅×四倍体泥鳅F_1不同发育阶段染色体核型分析

以中国长江流域天然四倍体泥鳅为父本,大连农贸市场二倍体泥鳅为母本,通过倍间杂交获得杂交三倍体泥鳅,对早期胚胎、6月龄及12月龄染色体核型进行初步分析。结果表明,早期胚胎整3倍体染色体数目为3n=75,核型为16M+7SM+52T,NF=98,亚三倍体染色体数目为3n=73,核型为15M+6SM+52T,NF=94,超三倍体染色体数目为3n=76,核型为16M+6SM+54T,NF=98;6月龄整三倍体染色体数目为3n=75,核型为15M+6SM+54T,NF=96,亚三倍体染色体数目为3n=72,核型为15M+6SM+51T,NF=93,超三倍体染色体数目为3n=77,核型为15M+6SM+56T,NF=98;12月龄整三倍体染色体数目为3n=75,核型为12M+8SM+55T,NF=95;亚三倍体染色体数目为3n=71,核型为16M+6SM+49T,NF=93,超三倍体染色体数目为3n=76,核型为18M+8SM+50T,NF=102。结果表明,二倍体泥鳅×四倍体泥鳅杂交后代是含有三套染色体组的三倍体,不同发育阶段整三倍体染色体数目相同,均为3n=75,但染色体核型表现多态性。非整倍体(超三倍和亚三倍)中增加和缺少的染色体数目及类型无规律可循。     

森林草莓‘Hawaii4’高效遗传转化系统的建立

以森林草莓‘Hawaii 4’离体叶片为试验材料,对叶龄、暗培养、植物生长调节剂种类及其配比和抗生素敏感性进行研究,建立森林草莓‘Hawaii 4’高效稳定的遗传转化系统。研究结果显示:49d叶龄的叶片在含有3.0mg/L 6-BA,0.1mg/L IBA的MS培养基上暗培养3d时叶片的再生频率最高,再生频率可达到88%。另外,在农杆菌介导的遗传转化过程中,300mg/L羧苄青霉素具有最适的农杆菌抑制效果;用于阳性植株筛选的卡那霉素,最适质量浓度为20mg/L。通过GFP荧光观察及PCR检测,获得阳性植株的遗传转化效率可达18%。     

二倍体马铃薯原生质体培养与植株再生

原生质体培养是体细胞杂交的基础,同时也是获得变异材料的重要手段。以引进的4个二倍体马铃薯为材料,研究了渗透浓度、酶液组成、酶解时间及材料预处理对原生质体产量和活力的影响。结果表明:预处理是原生质体成活、分裂及后期发育的重要条件,处理D预处理效果最好,原生质产量和活力最高,且有较多细胞分裂;马铃薯原生质体适宜的渗透浓度为0.35~0.40mol·L-1;RH2和RH3酶解时间以4h为宜,RH1和RH4酶解时间以4.5h为宜;酶解液为2.0%纤维素酶和0.2%果胶酶的混合液。基因型对原生质体培养影响较大。经过培养,有2个二倍体材料获得了再生植株。     

An investigation of the level of reducing sugars in diploid potatoes before and after cold storage

Summary The reducing sugar content and chip colour were studied in diploid potatoes bred for superior table and chipping quality. The reducing sugar content in the tubers of 119 diploid clones was estimated before and after cold storage (4–6°C) in the years 1987–1991, and reducing sugar and chip colour were determined in 1990 and 1991 for 36 clones. Thirty two clones had a significantly lower reducing sugar content after cold storage than cv. Mila. The year of evaluation, storage temperature and genotype significantly affected the reducing sugar content.     

Berry and seed production using stored pollen of aSolanum phureja clone

Summary Pollen of theSolanum phureja clone IVP48 was stored with silica gel desiccant at −15°C for periods ranging from one month to five years. When used to pollinate anotherS. phureja clone there was a significant negative correlation of pollen age with the number of seeds produced per berry. The frequency of berry production and number of seeds per pollination, however, did not show significant negative correlations and berry production varied unpredictably with pollen of different ages. Each year of pollen storage reduced the average number of seeds produced per berry to about 60 per cent of the preceding year's.     

Comparison Between a Tetraploid Turnip and Its Diploid Progenitor（Brassica rapa L.）：The Adaptation to Salinity Stress

Polyploidy is pursued in plant breeding programs due mainly to its ability to yield larger vegetative or reproductive organs. In controlled growth chamber experiments, a tetraploid turnip (cv. Aijiaohuang, 4n) and its diploid progenitor (cv.Aijiaohuang, 2n) were evaluated for their tolerance to salinity stress via investigations on a group of physiological parameters. The results indicate that the tetraploid turnip exhibit better adaptation to a high concentration salt medium(200 mmol L-1), as evidenced by a less-affected germination rate and a healthier morphological appearance at the seedling stage. Furthermore, an extension of salinity stress up to a certain period of time at the 5-7-leaf stage shows differences between the tetraploid turnip and its diploid progenitor. The former had a higher K+/Na+ ratio in the roots, higher glutathione concentration and antioxidant activities in the leaves, and smaller reductions in photosynthetic capacity in terms of leaf chlorophyll content. Studies on the differences between an autopolyploid and its respective relative, from which the autopolyploid originated, in terms of their tolerance to salinity and/or other abiotic stresses, have remained rather limited. The comparison is interesting due to a homogenous genetic background.     

不同倍性甜瓜果实品质比较研究

为探讨不同倍性甜瓜果实品质差异,试验以2个二倍体甜瓜品种及其人工诱导的同源四倍体、三倍体为材料,对不同倍性甜瓜成熟果实可溶性糖、中心可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质、维生素C含量进行比较分析。结果表明,不同倍性甜瓜果实成熟时期可溶性糖、中心可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白质、维生素C含量存在差异,可溶性糖、中心可溶性固形物和可溶性蛋白质含量有同样趋势,为三倍体＞四倍体＞二倍体;维生素C含量为四倍体＞三倍体＞二倍体。     

The effect of ploidy and incubation temperature on survival and the prevalence of aplasia of the septum transversum in Atlantic salmon,Salmo salar L

Heart deformities are a concern in aquaculture and are linked to egg incubation temperature. Diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were incubated at 6, 8 and 10 °C and analysed for aplasia of the septum transversum (n = 150 ploidy^?1 incubation temperature^?1). Heart morphology (size and shape) was assessed in fish incubated at 6 °C and in fish with and without aplasia of the septum transversum (n = 9 group^?1) incubated at 10 °C. Egg mortality was significantly higher in triploids than in diploids at all incubation temperatures, and increased egg incubation temperatures increased mortality in both ploidy. Triploids grew quicker than diploids after egg incubation at 10 °C, but not at 6 °C. Aplasia of the septum transversum occurred only in triploid fish after incubation at 6 °C and 8 °C (0.7% and 3.3%, respectively) and was significantly greater (P ≤ 0.05) in triploids after incubation at 10 °C compared with diploids (30% and 18%, respectively). Aplasia of the septum transversum significantly increased heart mass and resulted in a long flat ventricle compared with fish displaying a septum transversum. The results suggest triploid salmon should be incubated below 8 °C.