高密度捆草机推广应用研究

目前,农业纤维物料成型技术在开发推广应用上不普及,高密度捆草机械系统生产上应用的不多。为此,从技术、市场上进行了全面分析研究,并在此基础上提出了几点建议,旨在使该生产技术在畜牧业发展当中发挥积极作用,以确保畜牧业得到可持续发展,草原生态得到进一步恢复。     

银中杨人工林抚育采伐技术研究

采用标准地调查方法,对初植密度为2 m×2m的银中杨人工林的抚育采伐开始期和采伐强度进行调查研究,确定抚育采伐开始期为8年生时,采伐强度为50%。研究确定了银中杨人工林的经营密度表,以期为生产经营提供依据。     

不同种植密度和行距配置对香蕉产量 及品质的影响

为确定香蕉适宜机械化操作的种植密度和行距配置,采用裂区试验设计,以种植密度（P）（P1：2190株/公顷、P2：2340株/公顷、P3：2520株/公顷）为主区,行距（R）[ R1：（宽行5.10米+窄行1.00米）、R2：（宽行4.80米+窄行1.30米）、R3：（宽行4.50米+窄行1.60米））]为裂区,探讨不同种植密度和行距配置对香蕉农艺性状、产量及品质的影响。结果表明：R能显著影响香蕉株高和茎围,P和R对香蕉单产、总产量均有显著影响,P1、P2香蕉单产较P3分别显著提高10.29%、10.88%,P2总产量较P1显著提高6.62%;R3单产、总产量最高,R1单产、总产量最低。分析产量构成可知,R3能提高香蕉商品蕉采收率;P1、P2单果重较P3显著提高,R3单果重较R1、R2 分别显著提高21.23%、4.44%。P1果指长较P3显著提高,R2、R3间果指长、果指围显著高于R1。P和R对果实可溶性固形物均无显著影响。P3可滴定酸含量较P1、P2显著提高,P1、P2维生素C含分别较P3显著提高19.38%、15.78%;R3较R1显著提高维生素C含量8.77%。综上所述,宝岛蕉品种种植密度为2340株/公顷,宽行4.5m、窄行1.6m时,香蕉农艺性状、产量、商品蕉采收率、单果重、可溶性固形物及维生素C含量最高,试验结果为今后宜机化栽培的香蕉种植密度和行距的配置提供依据。     

Porosity and capillarity of weft knitted spacer structures

A geometrical model of weft knitted spacer structures made with mono-filament yarn has been analysed to understand the spacer yarn path. Theoretical models have been created to predict the porosity and the radius of the capillaries of a knitted spacer structure depending on their geometrical parameters, such as course spacing, wale spacing, stitch length, fabric thickness, count of yarn and fibre density. Polyester knitted spacer fabrics were produced with different parameters; their porosity was determined by measuring the weight and compared with the theoretical porosity. The validity of the model was confirmed by experimental results. The porosity of knitted spacer structures made out of mono-filament yarn can be maintained above a certain level by adjusting the fabric parameters such as fabric thickness, course spacing and wale spacing.     

The critical N dilution curve for linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is different from other C3 species

The objective was to determine the critical N dilution curve of linseed, which is the minimal total N concentration in shoots necessary to produce the maximal shoot dry matter, and to explain possible differences with other C3 species. One main experiment was carried out in 1998/1999 on winter linseed with four levels of fertilizer N. Two plant densities were also studied, the recommended one (600 seeds m⁻²) and the minimum for canopy closure (150 seeds m⁻²), in order to investigate the stability with plant density of the critical N dilution curve. Shoot dry weights (W_S) and shoot N contents expressed in percentage (N_S) were measured for the determination of the critical dilution curve, along with organ N percentages and relative weights. The results of four other experiments were used to validate the critical N dilution curve. Three of these four trials were conducted on winter linseed (one in 1996/1997 and two in 1997/1998) with five levels of fertilizer N, and one on spring linseed in 1999 with six levels of fertilizer N.

The critical N dilution curve of linseed was different from those of other C3 species. The curve was steeper, indicating a greater decrease in the critical shoot N concentration (N_SC) as the critical shoot dry weight (W_SC) increased. This linseed curve determined with the data of the main experiment was relevant when compared to the data of the four other experiments. Organ weight ratios and N concentration of organs were investigated in a fertilizer N treatment resulting in N_S close to the critical N values, N_SC. In this treatment, the decrease in N_S was the result of both a decrease in the N percentage of all organs and a decrease in the leaf weight ratio. The difference between linseed and other C3 species was mainly due to an acceleration of the dilution of N when leaf emission stopped and the flower bud emission began. At this stage of development, the leaf weight ratio of linseed was less than that of wheat, resulting in lower N_S. For a given W_S, no significant differences in N_S, organ N percentages nor organ weight ratios were observed between the two plant densities. This indicates that the difference between linseed and other C3 species could not result from very high plant densities in linseed. Hence, it is concluded that the linseed N accumulation in shoot is different from other C3 species.     

Dense planting with less basal nitrogen fertilization might benefit rice cropping for high yield with less environmental impacts

Dense planting and less basal nitrogen (N) fertilization have been recommended to further increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE), respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrative impacts of dense planting with reduced basal N application (DR) on rice yield, NUE and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Field experiments with one conventional sparse planting (CK) and four treatments of dense planting (increased seedlings per hill) with less basal N application were conducted in northeast China from 2012 to 2013. In addition, a two-factor experiment was conducted to isolate the effect of planting density and basal N rate on CH₄ emission in 2013. Our results show that an increase in planting density by about 50% with a correspondingly reduction in basal N rate by about 30% (DR1 and DR2) enhanced NUE by 14.3–50.6% and rice grain yield by 0.5–7.4% over CK. Meanwhile, DR1 and DR2 reduced GWP by 6.4–12.6% and yield-scaled GWP by 7.0–17.0% over CK. According to the two-factor experiment, soil CH₄ production and oxidation and CH₄ emission were not affected by planting density. However, reduced basal N rate decreased CH₄ emission due to it significantly reduced soil CH₄ production with a smaller reduction in soil CH₄ oxidation. The above results indicate that moderate dense planting with less basal N application might be an environment friendly mode for rice cropping for high yield and NUE with less GHG emissions.     

旱作大豆播种密度对产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了提高旱作区大豆种植效益,充分利用当地降水资源,在甘肃东部地区开展播种密度对不同成熟期大豆品种产量及水分利用效率的影响研究。结果表明,不同类型大豆品种随播种密度增加,其主要经济性状单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数和单株粒重均呈下降趋势;播种密度对不同类型品种田间耗水量影响不显著;在播种密度9.0万株/hm²~27.0万株/hm²的范围内,晚熟品种‘汾豆78’、‘晋豆23’适宜种植密度为18.0万株/hm²,早熟品种‘中黄30’、‘晋豆19’适宜种植密度为22.5万株/hm²;适宜播种密度能够明显提高旱作区大豆籽粒产量和水分利用效率。     

施肥和密度对苎麻营养生理的影响

为了探讨施肥和密度对苎麻产量和品质形成的综合影响及营养生理效应,以苎麻新品种0501为试验材料,采用二次正交旋转组合设计,研究了施肥和密度对苎麻养分积累、苎麻养分分配规律的影响。结果表明,氮肥对苎麻植株体内的氮磷钾含量影响显著,施氮促进了苎麻对氮素的积累,但是,增施氮肥不利于磷钾在苎麻体内的积累。钾肥可以显著促进麻皮对磷钾的积累,使磷钾向皮中转移。养分分配规律中,头麻与二麻在养分分配中略有差别。