Effect of delayed sowing on grain number,grain weight,and protein concentration of wheat grains at specific positions within spikes

Delays in sowing have significant effects on the grain yield, yield components, and grain protein concentrations of winter wheat. However, little is known about how delayed sowing affects these characteristics at different positions in the wheat spikes. In this study, the effects of sowing date were investigated in a winter wheat cultivar, Shannong 30, which was sown in 2019 and 2020 on October 8 (normal sowing) and October 22 (late sowing) under field conditions. Delayed sowing increased the partitioning of ¹³C-assimilates to spikes, particularly to florets at the apical section of a spike and those occupying distal positions on the same spikelet. Consequently, the increase in grain number was the greatest for the apical sections, followed by the basal and central sections. No significant differences were observed between sowing dates in the superior grain number in the basal and central sections, while the number in apical sections was significantly different. The number of inferior grains in each section also increased substantially in response to delayed sowing. The average grain weights in all sections remained unchanged under delayed sowing because there were parallel increases in grain number and ¹³C-assimilate partitioning to grains at specific positions in the spikes. Increases in grain number m^–2 resulted in reduced grain protein concentrations as the limited nitrogen supply was diluted into more grains. Delayed sowing caused the greatest reduction in grain protein concentration in the basal sections, followed by the central and apical sections. No significant differences in the reduction of the grain protein concentration were observed between the inferior and superior grains under delayed sowing. In conclusion, a 2-week delay in sowing improved grain yield through increased grain number per spike, which originated principally from an increased grain number in the apical sections of spikes and in distal positions on the same spikelet. However, grain protein concentrations declined in each section because of the increased grain number and reduced N uptake.     

基于平均分割阻容延时时间的短时间间隔测量方法

提出一种基于平均分割阻容延时时间的短时间间隔测量方法。先将被测时间间隔与基准信号之间的前后时间差信息存储在阻容延时电路,再利用比较器对其进行平均分割和比较,这样测量误差可以降低1~2个数量级。理论分析和实验测量数据表明,通过增加比较器数量,可以使测量误差大幅降低。该方法实现简单、成本较低,实用性较好。     

Response of snails and slugs to fragmentation of lowland forests in NW Germany

Habitat fragmentation is a major cause for species loss, but its effect on invertebrates with low active dispersal power, like terrestrial gastropods, has rarely been studied. Such species can not cross a hostile habitat matrix, for which the predictions of island theory, such as positive relations between species richness and patch size, should apply. In order to test this prediction, we studied gastropod species diversity by assessing gastropod assemblage characteristics from 35 sites in 19 fragments of deciduous old-growth forests in the Lower Rhine Embayment, Germany. Assemblages differed between larger (≥700 ha) and smaller forests (<400 ha), those of large forests held a higher percentage of forest species. Although α-diversity was similar between the two forest size classes, small forests often comprised matrix species, resulting in a higher β-diversity. Edge effects on the species richness of matrix species were noticeable up to 250 m into the forest. Hierarchical partitioning revealed that distance to disturbances (external edge, internal edges like roads) explained most assemblage variables, whereas forest size and woodland cover within a 1 km radius from the sites explained only a few assemblage variables. Densities of two forest-associated species, Discus rotundatus and Arion fuscus, decreased with forest size. Yet, forest size was positively correlated with richness of typical forest species and densities of Limax cinereoniger. The latter species seems to need forests of >1,000 ha, i.e., well above the size of most fragments. In conclusion, the prediction is valid only for forest species. The response to fragmentation is species specific and seems to depend on habitat specialization and macroclimatic conditions. Jean-Pierre Maelfait: Deceased.     

一类具有可变时滞的非线性中立型差分方程的振动性

考虑一类具有可变时滞的非线性非自治中立型差分方程，得到了这类方程的振动准则及这类方程存在最终正解的充分条件。     

食饵具有阶段结构和自食的捕食系统的正周期解的存在性

利用重合度理论中的延拓定理和同伦映射,得到了一类食饵具有阶段结构和自食的捕食系统正周期解存在的充分条件,揭示了当成年食饵种群自食率和被捕获率均足够小时,系统将产生生物性周期振荡现象．     

分数时延时变的充分必要条件

着重从理论上分析完备的被控对象时延在一个采样周期范围内变化时，系统B参数估计值变化的规律，得出分数时延时变的充要条件，据此，能正确区分参数时变还是分数时延发生了变化，这一结论对于计算机控制的系统，特别是对于引入复杂算法的计算机控制系统有重要意义。     

一类具有饱和发生率的虫媒传染病模型研究

考虑虫媒传染病具有潜伏期的特征,研究了一类具有饱和发生率的时滞传染病模型的动力学行为,确定了疾病是否流行的阈值R_0.当R_01时,无病平衡点全局渐近稳定,疾病将最终灭绝;当R_01时,唯一地方病平衡点条件稳定,系统会产生Hopf分支.     

A Parametric Transfer Function for Grain-Flow Within a Conventional Combine Harvester

Grain yield monitoring is an integral tool in the Precision Agriculture management system. When used in conjunction with a satellite-based navigation system, it provides spatial information on output variability, output response to managed inputs and is used to identify limiting resources in the crop production process. Accurately matching measured yield quantities with spatial units within a field is therefore important. At present, a simple linear time shift is employed by all commercial monitoring systems to account for the delay between GPS recorded positions and subsequent yield measurements. This study examines the internal process of grain transport to the sensor by monitoring the flow of strategically coloured grain. The flow is shown to be significantly influenced by mixing induced by threshing and auger transport processes. In contrast to the common assumption that grain moves as a spatially related cohort through to the sensor, the results suggest that a diffusion process is more realistic. A parametric model for the diffusion process is provided which suggests that from each individual yield measurement a maximum 20% of the mass could be assigned to a single spatial unit of the size that is typically allocated. The results imply that for further analyses, the inconclusive spatial origin and artificially smoothed quantities of instantaneous yield measurements should be considered.     

氰戊菊酯、马拉硫磷及其混剂汰选选育棉铃虫抗药性研究

用氰戊菊酯、马拉硫磷及菊马混剂分别汰选棉铃（Heliothis armigera）种群16代,每三代测定1次各种群对相应汰选药剂的敏感水平。结果表明,以上三个汰选种群对相应药剂的抗药性分别增长了68.02、7.76和3.48倍,氰戊菊酯单剂比菊马混剂抗性增长快19.6倍,混剂显示出对棉铃虫抗性显著的延缓作用。用计算机模拟预测混剂使用寿命,若3种药剂均连续使用30次则氰戊菊酯、马拉硫磷、菊马混剂的抗药性将分别提高817.5、14.2和5.2倍;若以抗性上升30倍及每年用药2-3次为标准,菊马混剂比单用氰戊菊酯可延长5倍的使用寿命。笔者认为把增效混剂作为一项措施组装到抗性治理方案（IRM）中去,科学合理地治理棉铃虫的抗药性是一个行之有效的措施。     

一个具有时滞的中立型捕食系统全局正周期解的存在性

研究一个具有时滞的中立型捕食者-食饵系统,利用重合度理论中的延拓定理讨论了其全局正周期解的存在性,得到了保证正周期解存在的充分条件.