基于水量平衡的宁夏引黄灌区广义生态耗水量计算

基于区域的水量平衡理论,对宁夏引黄灌区的广义生态耗水量进行计算,同时对灌区生态耗水量与灌区引黄水量的关系也进行了研究。研究结果表明:灌区各年的广义生态耗水总量差别并不大,没有表现出非常强烈的上升或下降趋势,耗水量的小范围变动与灌区引黄水量关系不明显。     

静电凝并中荷电粒子的运动方程及近似解

本文分析静电除尘器预凝并粒子的运动情况,研究了荷电气固两相流中粒子运动与气流运动的关系,通过对荷电粒子的受力分析,在粒子运动过程中考虑了库仑力、压差力、附加质量力、Stokes阻力以及Basset力对荷电粒子的作用,而忽略其它力的影响,建立了湍流中描述粒子运动的基本方程—BBO(Basset-Boussinesq-Oseen)方程,用谱分解方法进行求解,并得到荷电粒子凝并运动方程的两组近似解,从而确定了粒子运动与气流运动的关系,αr为近似解的重要参数,随着αr的变化,粒子运动的复杂性随之变化。     

农业分区框架下Hargreaves-Samani公式的逐月回归修正

为验证中国农业综合分区框架下Hargreaves-Samani(HS)公式线性回归修正方案的适用性,利用中国气象数据网发布的124个站点1957—2016年的逐月有效日平均气压、平均最低气温、平均最高气温、平均风速、平均水汽压、月总太阳辐射数据及站点经纬度数据,首先,分别基于Penman-Monteith(PM)公式和HS公式计算了各站点多年逐月的参考作物需水量ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS)。然后,以ET_(0-PM)为真值,基于1957—2010年的逐月ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS),利用线性回归分析方法获取了中国38个农业管理子区的HS公式校正系数a、b,并以2011—2016年为验证年份,通过比较ET_(0-HS)校正前后的相对误差变化,验证了HS公式线性回归校正方法在中国农业区的适用性,并结合验证年份的具体误差结果,确定了各农业区HS公式校正系数a、b的逐月最优取值。结果表明:大部分农业区的大部分月份ET_(0-PM)与ET_(0-HS)的相关系数超过0. 6,可以进行ET_(0-HS)的回归校正;回归校正得到的系数a存在显著的季节变化规律,系数b则表现较为平稳;系数a、b的大小及变化说明了ET_(0-PM)和ET_(0-HS)彼此之间存在差异,且季节性明显;校正前后的ET_(0-HS)均存在不同程度的相对误差,但校正后的ET_(0-HS)的误差范围已经显著缩小;在具体的验证应用中,校正后的ET_(0-HS)并不完全是最优结果,实践中系数a、b的优选使用才是最佳方案。本研究验证的HS公式线性回归校正方法是实践中简便、可行的方案,对大尺度区域快速获得较高精度的参考作物需水量具有实际意义和推广价值。     

Estimating reference evapotranspiration with atmometers in a semiarid environment

Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) estimations require accurate measurements of meteorological variables (solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity) which are not available in many countries of the world. Alternative approaches are the use of Class A pan evaporimeters and atmometers, which have several advantages compared to meteorological stations: they are simple, inexpensive and provide a visual interpretation of ET₀. The objectives of the study were to compare the evaporation from atmometers (ET_gage) with the evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equation (ET_0PM) and to evaluate the variability between three modified atmometers of a commercial model. Comparison between daily ET_gage measured by the atmometer and ET_0PM showed a good correlation. However, ET_gage underestimated ET_0PM by approximately 9%. Differences between ET_gage and ET_0PM ranged from −2.4 to 2.2 mm d⁻¹ while the mean bias error was −0.41 mm d⁻¹. Underestimations occurred more frequently on days with low maximum temperatures and high wind speeds. On the contrary, atmometer overestimations occurred on days with high maximum temperatures and low wind speeds. Estimates of ET₀ using the atmometer appeared to be more accurate under non-windy conditions and moderate temperatures as well as under windy conditions and high temperatures. Atmometers 2 and 3 overestimated the evaporated water by atmometer 1 with a maximum variability of cumulative water losses of 4.5%. A temperature-based calibration was performed to improve the atmometer accuracy, using maximum temperature as an independent variable, with good results.     

A discussion on and alternative to the Penman-Monteith equation

The Penman-Monteith (PMe) equation that estimates evaporation from leaf/canopy surfaces is based on a few approximations. Several authors discussed ensuing errors and suggested improvements. This paper reminds those discussions which ended in the early nineties. It compares linearized PMe− with non-linear iterative solutions and illustrates resulting deviations. It differentiates between deviations for daily and hourly evaporation rate estimates. The latter are found to be higher. It also demonstrates deviations obtained at two different altitudes above sea level. Considering present tendencies to refine evaporation estimates for practical purposes and making use of easily available methods for solving non-linear equations this paper offers a new method to estimate evaporation.In a first step, a simple algebraic term, the surface temperature control sum, is introduced to find approximate differences between air and evaporating surface (leaf, canopy) temperatures. It suggests to concentrate research on the r_s/r_a ratio. A new formula is derived for estimating leaf/canopy surface temperatures for non-water stressed plants.In a second step, the estimates of temperature differences are used to calculate evaporation estimates. This two-step approximation leads to appreciably smaller errors as compared to the PMe-solution over the full range of input parameters of agro-meteorological relevance. It is, however, less accurate than some of methods proposed in literature. The method is meant for practical application in agricultural water management.     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

Impacts of climate variability on reference evapotranspiration over 58 years in the Haihe river basin of north China

Physically, evaporative demand is driven by net radiation (R_n), vapour pressure (e_a), wind speed (u₂), and air temperature (T_a), each of which changes over time. By analyzing temporal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), improved understanding of the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes can be obtained. In this study, variations in ET₀ over 58 years (1950-2007) at 34 stations in the Haihe river basin of China were analyzed. ET₀ was calculated by the FAO Penman-Monteith formula. Calculation of Kendall rank coefficient was done by analyzing the annual and seasonal trends in ET₀ derived from its dependent climate variables. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) was used to analyze the spatial variation in annual and seasonal ET₀, and in each climate variable. An attribution analysis was performed to quantify the contribution of each input variable to ET₀ variation. The results showed that ET₀ gradually decreased in the whole basin over the 58 years at a rate of −1.0 mm yr⁻², at the same time, R_n, u₂ and precipitation also decreased. Changes in ET₀ were attributed to the variations in net radiation (−0.9 mm yr⁻²), vapour pressure (−0.5 mm yr⁻²), wind speed (−1.3 mm yr⁻²) and air temperature (1.7 mm yr⁻²). Looking at all data on a month by month basis, we found that T_a had a positive effect on dET₀/dt (the derivative of reference evapotranspiration to time) and R_n and u₂ had negative effects on dET₀/dt. While changes in air temperature were found to produce a large increase in dET₀/dt, changes in other key variables each reduced rates, resulting in an overall negative trend in dET₀/dt.     

The Feasible Control for the Day-operation of the Three-Gorge Cascade Hydropower Station

The feasible control problem is presented for the day-operation of the Three-Gorge Caseade Hydropower Station. The significance of the problem is explained. Basic propetties ofthe problem and the approaches to study it are discussed. Two methfods are given for solving theproblem. which are calculus of variation and linear programming. In the former. the Euler equationwith time-lag and the generalised two-point boundary conditions are obtained and the correspondingpractical implication is interpreted. In the latter. the rationality for the discrete model is exptainedand the computalional details are given for the implement software. some questions which should bepaid much attentfon and the corresponding propeels are prasented based on the numerical results andtheoretical analysis     

On System Stability under Random Perturbations

In this paper we concider the problem of stability of stochastic evolution systemsin Hilbert space drived by a cylindrical Brownian mothin. We regard the stochestic evolutionequation dXt = AXtdt +G(Xt)dBt as a deterministic system of the form dXt=AXtdt under randomperturbation,and obtain stability of its solution. It is shown that under certain assumptions,itsevolution solution and L2-contimuous evulution solution are exponertially stable.     

Prediction of the Economic Development for the Circumjacent Reservoir Region of the Longtan Hydropower Project Using Grey Quantitative Analog

In order to overcome some technical difficulties,we adopt ingenously the grey models combined with the quantitative analog method,and select the Dan Jiangkou Project which has accumulated practical operation data for a long time as the analog project to predict the economic influence for the circumjacent reservoir region of the Longtan hydropower project.On the basis of analog we have built various industrial economic grey models,and compare them with the corresponding predictions for the unconstructed reservoir case.The predictions of the former are greatly larger than the later ones.and hence provides a certain scientific basis for the central leaders to make a decision for constructing the huge hydropower project ultimateiy.