Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of Cattle Habitat use in a Mountain Wooded Pasture

Management-oriented models of cattle habitat use often treat grazing pressure as a single variable summarizing all cattle activities. This paper addresses the following questions: How does the spatial pattern of cattle effects vary between cattle activities in a highly heterogeneous landscape? Do these patterns change over the grazing season as forage availability decreases? What are the respective roles of natural and management-introduced structures? We estimated the intensity of herbage removal, dung deposition and trampling after each of three grazing periods on a grid of 25 m ×25 m cells covering an entire paddock in the Swiss Jura Mountains. We found no significant positive correlations between cattle effects. Spatial patterns weakened through the season for grazing and trampling, whereas dunging patterns changed little between grazing periods. Redundancy analysis showed that different cattle effects were correlated with different environmental variables and that the importance of management-introduced variables was highest for herbage removal. Autocorrelograms and partial redundancy analyses using principal coordinates of neighbour matrices suggested that dunging patterns were more coarse-grained than the others. Systematic differences in the spatial and seasonal patterns of cattle effects may result in complex interactions with vegetation involving feedback effects through nutrient shift, with strong implications for ecosystem management. In heterogeneous environments, such as pasture-woodland landscapes, spatially explicit models of vegetation dynamics need to model cattle effects separately.     

Molecular diversity and genome-wide linkage disequilibrium patterns in a worldwide collection of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> and its wild relatives

Genetic diversity analysis within a species is vital for understanding evolutionary processes at the population and genomic levels. We report a detailed study of molecular diversity, polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium in three groups of rice (Oryza) germplasm accessions based on 176 SSR markers. The first group included 65 rice (O. sativa L.) accessions introduced from seven countries, including five regions of China. The second group included 58 US rice varieties released in the past 25 years. The third group consisted of 54 accessions of rice wild relatives represented by ten different species. The number of alleles per SSR marker ranged from 4 to 32 with a mean of 16 alleles and the polymorphism information content values ranged from 0.43 to 0.91 with a mean of 0.70. The variation in SSR alleles was a significant contribution to the genetic discrimination of the 177 accessions within the three Oryza groups. Analysis of molecular variance identified deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Principal coordinates analysis clearly separated the accessions into their respective three groups. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic cluster reflects the ordination of each accession. Linkage disequilibrium (D′) averaged 0.75 in wild Oryza spp., and about 0.5 in both US and international O. sativa accessions. Our results showed that LD among adjacent loci in both O. sativa and Oryza spp. accessions is strong enough to be detecting marker-trait association via genome-wide scans.     

基于D-H矩阵的径向柱塞泵的运动学分析

径向柱塞泵的运动学分析是研究其流量脉动及振动噪声特性的基本环节,传统上是在其运动机构图上利用几何解析的方法求得,但对于柱塞的复合运动,求解过程比较复杂。本文以D-H矩阵这一机构学中的代数工具来解决径向柱塞泵柱塞的位置确定问题,从而使其运动分析及运动的几何意义得到简化和明确。     

影响茶叶包装色彩设计的因素

远看色,近看花,自古以来人们就认识到色彩具有先声夺人的视觉效果。因此,色彩对于需要具有强大的货架冲击力的茶叶包装设计来说具有举足轻重的作用。本文在对市场上茶叶包装进行相关调查后,初步归纳了几种较为明显的影响茶叶包装设计的色彩因素,以作为今后茶叶包装色彩方案的一些参考之用。     

冬瓜和节瓜种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用RAPD分子标记技术对41份冬瓜和节瓜种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。从455条随机引物中筛选出23条能产生稳定多态性扩增谱带的引物用于RAPD分析,共产生143条扩增谱带,其中多态性谱带81条,多态性检测率为56.6%,表明冬瓜和节瓜种质资源在分子水平上具有丰富的遗传多样性。用NTSYSpc软件处理RAPD数据,41份材料间的遗传相似系数在0.60～0.99之间。聚类分析结果可将供试材料分为6大类群9个亚类,主坐标分析可将供试材料分为6大类群10个亚类。两种分类方法的结果基本一致。     

关于冲力情况下的高斯最小约束原理

本文探讨了在冲力情况下高斯最小约束原理的广义坐标形式，提出以广义坐标表达的约束的定义，并据此用求多变量函数极值（或条件极值）的方法解算了刚体系统的碰撞问题。     

底质类型对三亚湾潮间带大型底栖动物生态功能的影响

根据2014年3月在海南三亚湾及湾内东、西琩洲岛获取的9条潮间带断面(3条砂质和6条岩礁)中潮区生物调查数据,分析底质类型对潮间带大型底栖动物生态功能的影响。结果显示,(1)移动能力弱、掘洞型和滤食性的底栖动物在砂质海滩有较多分布,而不移动、移动能力强、固着型、爬行型以及植食性和捕食性的底栖动物在岩礁海岸分布较多;(2)主坐标典型性分析(CAP)显示,9条潮间带断面的大型底栖动物可明显分为岩礁和砂质2群,不同底质的潮间带断面大型底栖动物具有不同的性状模式,其中迁移能力、栖息方式和食性是造成其差异的主要原因;(3)大型底栖动物的香农多样性指数(H′)和功能多样性指数(FD)均呈岩礁潮间带断面高于砂质潮间带断面;(4)2种底质海滩的大型底栖动物均具有较高的功能冗余,但砂质海滩略高于岩礁海滩。     

全站仪双边交会法测定树木三维坐标

林业调查中,林木遮挡不仅影响定位精度和工作效率,还会导致测量工作难以开展。全站仪自由设站法能有效解决林中通视条件差的制约。自由设站法有多种形式,由于林业调查精度要求相对较低,为了便于野外计算,双边交会法较为适宜。观测交会边长时,采用对边测量,能及时检测已测边长精度。直接解算仪器中心的三维坐标,无需对中和量测仪器高。实践表明,调查单元边长误差可小于5 cm,相对误差一般小于1/200,样地闭合差小于树木平均间距的1/2。图2表3参12     

GPS定位测量结果坐标转换精度分析

通过对GPS控制测量数据分析,阐述了测量结果坐标转换的原理与技术,并对如何提高坐标转换精度提出了适合辽宁省地区的可行方法。     

极坐标系中具有旋转自由度的平面扇形单元

通过引进结点刚体转角，提出两具有平面内旋转自由度的平面４结点扇形单元，数值计算表明这两种单元具有很高的计算精度，为具有圆形边界的结构有限元分析提供了有效实用的单元。