Mitochondrial DNA variation of the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum in Brazilian populations

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene was partially sequenced for 164 Ancylostoma caninum individuals, originating from five different localities in Brazil, with the aim of describing the genetic diversity and genetic structure of Brazilian hookworm populations. Allelic and nucleotide diversity were moderate (overall h=0.88 and pi=0.016) and were similar among cities. There was moderate genetic differentiation among the populations sampled (approximately Phi(ST)=0.12) and a weak but nonsignificant correlation between geographical and genetic distance. This genetic structure was similar to that observed among populations of the human hookworm, Necator americanus, but distinct from that typically found in trichostrongylid nematode parasites of livestock. Thus, a pattern of different genetic structures among different groups of nematodes is emerging. We also observed a few individuals that had a highly divergent mtDNA sequence (almost 7% sequence divergence from the other sequences). These results in combination with data from other studies suggest that A. caninum populations worldwide consist of a mix of previously differentiated populations, or perhaps even cryptic species. This study contributes to the knowledge of genetic structure and diversity of hookworms, which in turn will be useful in developing methods for their control.     

青海湖区普氏原羚及鸟类栖息草地的调查与研究

青海湖流域普氏原羚与鸟类栖息的草地类型,以温性草原类、高寒草原类、温性荒漠草原类及高寒草甸类草地为主.本文分别简述了各草地型的植被结构、植物种类以及草地生物量,同时对普氏原羚、鸟类栖息地各草地型的生物量进行了比较分析.     

内蒙古贺兰山马鹿的种群数量及种群结构

为了掌握内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内马鹿(Cervus elaphus)的种群数量和种群结构,维护内蒙古贺兰山的生态平衡。于2017年11—12月,2018年4—6月、11—12月,2019年4—6月,在内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区内,利用样线法对保护区内的马鹿进行调查,采用Distance R进行数据分析,估测种群数量和种群密度,并对种群结构进行探讨。研究发现,马鹿在2018年冬季种群数量最高约为2452(1678—3578)只,种群密度为3.705(2.539—5.048)只/km²,遇见率为1.943只/km。遇见率年际间变化不明显(F=0.12,P=0.986);混合群出现的次数最高,雄性群出现的次数最低,不同集群类型在不同季节的差异极显著(P<0.001);群大小在不同季节的差异不显著(P=0.132);雌雄比在不同季节中没有太大变化。     

河北省粮—饲平衡发展现状及对策建议

“粮改饲”政策推行以来,通过农业结构调整,实现了奶业振兴。伴随全球新冠肺炎疫情反复发生,粮食安全问题再次进入了公众视野,进而引发一个值得深思的问题：如何在保证粮食安全的前提下,实现草畜平衡,增加肉、蛋、奶市场供给,优化居民膳食营养结构。为此,以河北省为研究对象,深入分析粮食与饲草种植及市场供求。目前来看,河北省粮食种植面积在“红线”以上,饲草生产无法满足省内养殖业需求,同时,城乡居民对肉、蛋、奶的摄入仍未达到膳食营养标准。为优化农业种植结构及居民营养结构,提出推广新型种植模式、加强政策引导、创新生产技术等一系列措施,推动河北省粮—饲平衡发展。     

蓟马为害对苜蓿叶茎显微结构的影响

为了揭示蓟马为害后紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)叶片和茎秆细胞组织结构的变化及其与苜蓿耐害性的关系,本研究选用抗、感蓟马苜蓿无性系R-1和I-1,比较蓟马为害后苜蓿叶片和茎秆的显微结构及叶片超微结构的变化.结果 表明,受害后,R-1和I-1苜蓿的组织结构有明显改变:叶片上下表皮细胞锯齿边缘消失,细胞显...     

不同草种对土著AM真菌的生长和群落结构的影响

以果园生草栽培为背景,果园土壤中土著AM真菌为研究对象,考察了柱花草、百喜草和藿香蓟对与之根系共生的AM真菌的生长与群落结构的影响。结果表明,柱花草根系的侵染率(62.2%)显著高于百喜草(36.5%)和藿香蓟(37.3%),丛枝率有相似的趋势;3种草地上部的生物量和含磷量没有差异,但是柱花草根系含磷量显著高于百喜草和藿香蓟;柱花草根际土壤中AM真菌的菌种丰度和菌丝密度均小于百喜草和藿香蓟,但是孢子密度大于藿香蓟而小于百喜草;藿香蓟根际土著AM真菌群落的多样性指数略高于柱花草和百喜草;PCR-DGGE分析结果与之吻合。试验表明,在果园土壤中,不同草种根际的土著AM真菌群落结构并不相同,在选择草种进行生草栽培的过程中应该考虑这些不同。     

Variation of gene frequencies in ASIP, MC1R and GREY loci in Thoroughbred horses

The objective of the study has been to verify the hypothesis that the coat colour is regarded in the selection of Polish Thoroughbred horse population. Formally, the colour is not a selection criterion in this breed selected mainly for speed. The material consisted of twelve groups of foals registered in successive volumes of the Stud Book (11,688 foals, in total) and their parents selected to the breeding stud. The frequency of alleles in ASIP, MC1R and GREY loci controlling the coat colours was estimated from the recessive phenotype frequency square in the groups of foals. The inflow of foreign genes was limited and the population great, hence the migration effect was very low. The drift and Wahlund effect hardly influenced the genetic structure in the groups which enabled to analyze the population not divided. The total offspring frequency of recessive a, e and g alleles amounted to 0.1552, 0.4877 and 0.9773, respectively. Accuracy of the assessment of the a and e frequency was confirmed on the basis of test matings. The a, e and g alleles were more frequent in dams than in sires and the a alleles occurred more often in fillies than in colts. The frequency of a and e alleles was higher in the offspring than in the parents. The genotype distribution in the offspring differed from the expected one, assessed from the gamete frequency in sires and in dams. Fewer bay foals were born than anticipated. All the results show that the coat colour is not entirely disregarded in the breeding of Thoroughbred horses. The dominant A and E alleles producing the colour are preferred in the selection, particularly in the sires. This leads to some alterations in the phenotypic structure of the population. On the other hand, the horses are mated randomly, irrespective of the coat colour.     

MHC及其在动物遗传与育种方面的应用

主要组织相容性复合体(Major histocompatibility complex,MHC)不仅与移植排斥反应有关,而且还与动物的一些经济性状密切相关。文章主要阐述了MHC的结构、功能和遗传特性,并且介绍了MHC基因作为遗传标记在动物遗传与育种方面的应用。     

秦岭羚牛角结构与功能的研究

通过对秦岭羚牛的野外观察发现,秦岭羚牛头上长有2只洞角,在与雄性同类个体争偶打斗时,角的使用方式与非争偶的打斗不同;在争偶打斗时,角的前缘具有瞄准对方的作用,通过分析计算羚牛角的前缘也证明了不争偶的雌性与争偶的雄性此处存在差异。     

蛋清粉凝胶性与凝胶稳定性的研究

研究蛋清粉在贮藏期间所成凝胶的质构、持水性以及微观结构的变化。结果显示,蛋清粉的凝胶硬度、弹性、粘结性、持水性分别为346g/cm2、0.905、0.382、52.00%,25℃下贮藏180d后,蛋清粉的凝胶硬度与粘结性较贮藏初期并无显著性变化(P>0.05),而凝胶弹性与持水性与贮藏初期相比差异性显著(P<0.05)。蛋清粉的溶解性随贮藏时间的延长呈下降趋势,但降幅很小,25℃下贮藏180d时与贮藏初期相比无显著性差异(P=0.154)。500倍扫描电镜(SEM)下观察蛋清粉所成凝胶,其结构空隙很大,分布疏松,随贮藏时间的延长无明显变化。研究结果表明,贮藏时间与温度对蛋清粉的溶解性影响很小,而对蛋清粉的凝胶性影响较大,含水量是影响蛋清粉凝胶稳定性的重要因素。