生物多样性评判林分抗虫性研究方法

为建立相关模型,实现利用生物多样性指数评判林分抗虫性的目的,研究了林内昆虫的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数及均匀度指数等与林分害虫危害程度、林分结构变化之间的关系。阐述了评判林分抗虫性的常用物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、McIntoch指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou指数、Alatalo指数)及其应用中应注意的问题,论述了利用生物多样性评判林分抗虫性研究的基本内容与方法,讨论了林分抗虫性的多样性阈值研究方法。     

鄂西三峡库区生物多样性保护对策

鄂西三峡库区包括宜昌、兴山、秭归和巴东等四县市。本文重点讨论生物多样性基本特点 ,保护珍稀的古老植物及三峡工程建设对动植物的影响和保护对策     

云南大理苍山及邻近地区蚂蚁的物种多样性

采用样地调查法揭示了大理苍山及邻近地区蚂蚁物种的多样性规律。该地区蚂蚁丰富度在我国处于中等水平,其物种数、多样性和均匀度基本符合山地蚂蚁多样性分布规律,即随着海拔上升而降低,优势度的规律正好相反,但在山体中部的蚂蚁群落拥有更高的多样性和均匀度;该地区多数蚂蚁物种具有明显趋阳性生境特点,其个体密度在郁闭度较低的针叶林内较大;蚂蚁群落间差异显著,但是相邻的同一植被间表现出较大的群落相似性,生境的多样化和植被的差异性促成了蚂蚁群落的多样性．     

The role of models for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems for managing weeds

Weeds are both harmful for crop production and important for biodiversity, while herbicides can pollute the environment. We thus need new cropping systems optimising all cultural techniques, reconciling agricultural production, herbicide reduction and biodiversity conservation. Here, we show how to (i) develop models quantifying the effects of cropping systems on weed dynamics, (ii) integrate interactions between weeds and other organisms, (iii) predict the impact on production and biodiversity and (iv) use the model for multicriteria evaluation and multiobjective design of cropping systems. Among the existing weed dynamics models, we chose the one closest to our requirements to illustrate these different steps, that is, FlorSys which predicts multispecific weed dynamics as a function of cultural techniques and pedoclimate. We have illustrated the development of interaction submodels with the example of a crop pathogen whose propagation is increased when infecting grass weeds. To evaluate the weed flora impact, predicted weed densities were translated into indicators of harmfulness (crop yield loss, technical harvest problems, harvest pollution, field infestation, crop disease increase) and biodiversity (weed species richness and equitability, trophic resources for birds, insects and pollinators). Simulations were run over several years and with different weather scenarios (i) to optimise cultural techniques to control harmful weeds, (ii) to analyse the impact of changing agricultural practices (e.g. simplified tillage and rotations, no‐till, temporary crops) on weed density, species and trait composition and (iii) to evaluate cropping systems for their ability to reconcile agricultural production and biodiversity, thus identifying levers for designing sustainable cropping systems.     

天目山森林生物多样性的生态学特征及其保续

概括地介绍了天目山森林类型、分布、区系及其地理起源，表明了天目山森林生物多样性及其南北过渡的特征；文章进一步阐述了天目山森林生物多样性的生态学特征，从物种的变异和适应，系统组成结构的复杂性（食物链和食物网），达到协同进化、稳定发展并对人类生存的环境、社会、经济、文化诸方面，产生着有益的影响；为维护天目山森林生物的多样性及其生态系统的多种功能，除加强管理、重视保护外，可应用遥感技术，按地形和森林外貌等特点，将天目山划分为若干功能小区，进行科技研究和经营管理，使其能持续发展，增强功能，提高效益。     

外来入侵植物与生态安全

从生态安全的角度,分析了外来植物入侵的5种途径,各种成功入侵的原因,以及给生态、环境、人类的生产生活造成的严重影响.为了保护生态安全,创造更好的人类生存环境,探讨解决外来入侵植物所要面临的问题,提出了"防"、"治"的解决方法.     

西南桦中幼龄人工林抚育成效评价

以林龄5 a、造林密度2 m×3 m的西南桦人工林作为研究对象,通过生长伐处理,连续3年对标准地林分生长、林分结构、林分健康、森林植被情况进行监测。结果表明,生长伐可有效提高目标树及辅助树单位面积材积,未降低林分的物种多样性,林分结构得到调整——乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种存在一定的变化,各层次所占比例也发生了较大变化。     

阳春砂仁内生真菌多样性分析

对阳春砂仁(Amomum villosum Lour.)健康植株内生真菌的多样性进行了初步分析,从其444块根、茎和叶组织中共分离到273株内生真菌,根据其形态学特征鉴定了其中的269株分属于13个分类单元;多样性分析表明,阳春砂仁内生真菌的分布具有一定的组织特异性.     

Sacred sites as habitats of culturally important plant species in an Indian megacity

Cultural ecosystem services related to urban green spaces contribute significantly to liveable cities. While previous studies highlight the intersection of cultural ecosystem services with societal values, spiritual or religious values associated with urban nature have received less attention. In India, as in other parts of the world, sacred sites are known for their biological richness, but analyses from urban sacred sites are largely missing. Based on a stratified random sampling approach, we analysed the cultivated and wild plant species assemblages of 69 sacred sites in the megacity of Bengaluru, India, in relation to biological and cultural features, and parameters related to the urban matrix and type of sacred sites (temple vs. katte). Unlike other urban studies, we found a dominance of native species in the cultivated and spontaneous species pools (121 species in total), with Ficus religiosa and Azadirachta indica as most frequently planted species. Culturally relevant species prevailed in the species pool (89%), with overlaps between religious (36%), medicinal (50%) and ornamental (62%) plants; only 11% of species were weeds. Urban matrix parameters (age of development, housing density) and size and type of sacred sites were related to differences in species assemblages. We identified key species for different classes of age and housing density, and for types of sacred sites. Our study demonstrates that urban sacred sites have an important potential in harbouring both native and culturally significant species that can support urban livelihoods in developing countries by a range of cultural and provisioning ecosystem services, including medicinal uses. As such sites are conserved by communities for spiritual or cultural beliefs, local biodiversity can be enhanced, e.g. by adapting management practices through community participation. This would strengthen the important contribution of sacred sites within the green infrastructure of rapidly growing megacities.     

大理市森林资源分布格局及其保护现状分析

基于GIS空间分析技术,分析了大理市森林资源结构及其保护现状.结果表明,大理市林地面积占国土面积的56.70％,主要由有林地和灌木林地组成,占林地面积的94.79％;森林主要由乔木林组成,占比达93.60％;林地资源分布均匀,整体上分布于洱海四周山区,龄组结构合理;林地资源保护强度较高.