Rhizosphere fungal communities are influenced by Senecio jacobaea pyrrolizidine alkaloid content and composition

The contents and the compositions of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) complex of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) were examined as potential drivers of fungal community structure in the rhizosphere. S. jacobaea plants within the coastal sand dune reserve of Meijendel (the Netherlands) were assayed for concentration and composition of PAs in roots. Rhizosphere soil was collected from pre-flowering plants, which differed up to 8-fold in PA production, and represented both jacobine and senecionine/seneciphylline chemotypes. Bulk soil samples from the same site were also collected for comparative examination. A culture-independent approach, involving direct DNA isolation, PCR of fungal 18S rRNA genes, and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), was applied to compare the fungal communities of plants with different PA contents, as well as differences between bulk and rhizosphere samples. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE profiles revealed no clear evidence for PA-induced selection of specific fungal communities. However, canonical variance analysis showed that fungal communities associated with high-PA jacobine chemotypes could be discriminated from low PA samples and from the senecionine/seneciphylline chemotypes. The diversity of DGGE banding patterns, both in terms of band number and evenness, showed a trend toward lower diversity in the rhizosphere of high-PA plants as compared to low-PA plants and bulk soil. These results indicate that PA chemotypes of S. jacobaea differ in their influence on soil-borne fungal communities, with jacobine-containing plants exerting a greater selection in the rhizosphere than plants containing senecionine/seneciphylline.     

不同栽培区附子生物碱含量的比较研究

[目的]比较不同栽培区附子生物碱的含量.[方法]采用冷浸法测定水浸出物和醇浸出物含量,酸性染料比色法测定附子总生物碱含量,RP-HPLC测定双酯型生物碱含量.[结果]6个栽培区附子水溶性浸出物含量为10.272％～11.681％,醇溶性浸出物含量为1.621％～3.195％,总生物碱含量为0.987％～1.346％,中乌头碱含量为0.349～3.268 mg/g,乌头碱含量为0.406～0.841 mg/g,次乌头碱含量为1.284～3.134 mg/g.[结论]不同栽培区附子浸出物、总生物碱和双酯型生物碱含量差异较大,其结果为附子药材质量评价提供一定的理论参考.     

HPLC法测定苦参碱类生物碱传递体包封率

高速离心分离游离的苦参碱(MAT)和氧化苦参碱(OMT),应用HPLC法测定MAT和OMT的浓度并计算包封率,建立苦参碱类生物碱传递体包封率的HPLC测定方法。结果显示,MAT进样量在0.074~0.370μg/mL、OMT进样量在0.263~1.315μg/mL时,两者峰面积与进样量具有良好的线性关系。在高加样量0.148μg/mL和低加样量0.111μg/mL下,MAT的平均加样回收率分别为100.2%和98.2%,RSD分别为1.07%和2.38%;OMT的平均加样回收率分别为98.3%和100.2%,RSD分别为0.75%和0.66%。制剂中MAT和OMT的包封率分别为80.43%和74.70%,RSD分别为1.03%和1.11%。建立的方法适用于苦参碱类生物碱传递体包封率的测定。     

兴安杜鹃叶总生物碱提取及其生物活性

以兴安杜鹃叶为原料,采用超声波提取、旋转蒸发、离心等方法结合提取总生物碱,以盐酸小檗碱为标准品,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定兴安杜鹃叶提取物的总生物碱含量,采用抑菌圈法和二倍稀释法对总生物碱提取物抑菌活性以及最低抑菌浓度进行测试,并对总生物碱提取物进行抗氧化性能力测试。结果表明:兴安杜鹃叶中总生物碱的提取率为1.5mg·g~(-1),对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有抑制作用,最低抑菌质量浓度均为0.63g·L~(-1);对羟基自由基、亚硝酸根离子和超氧阴离子均有清除能力,随着总生物碱提取物质量浓度的增大,清除能力逐渐增强,清除羟基自由基的IC50值为3.71mg·L~(-1),清除亚硝酸根离子的IC50值为4.58mg·L~(-1),清除超氧阴离子的IC50值为3.19mg·L~(-1),对超氧阴离子的清除效果优于对羟自由基和亚硝酸盐。     

Total synthesis of a marine alkaloid--rigidin E

In the present paper, we report an efficient total synthesis of a marine alkaloid, rigidin E. The key tetrasubstituted 2-amino-3-carboxamidepyrrole intermediate was synthesized by cascade Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization between N-(2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-oxoethyl)methanesulfonamide and 3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-cyano-N-methylacrylamide. Subsequent carbonylation with triphosgene catalyzed by I(2) and deprotection of benzyl groups afforded rigidin E in 21% overall yield. This strategy has the merits of metal-free reactions, low cost, mild reaction protocols, and easy access to diversity-oriented derivatives for potential structure-activity relationship investigation.     

Securinega suffruticosa

This review gives an account of the current knowledge on the chemical constituents, biological activity and pharmacological properties of Securinega suffruticosa. A wide range of chemical compounds have been isolated, mainly alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and lipids. From the pharmacological point of view the most interesting group are the alkaloids, among which securinine, an indolizidine alkaloids containing a unique tricyclic structure.     

Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of 2,5-bis(3′-Indolyl)pyrroles,Analogues of the Marine Alkaloid Nortopsentin

2,5-bis(3′-Indolyl)pyrroles, analogues of the marine alkaloid nortopsentin, were conveniently prepared through a three step procedure in good overall yields. Derivatives 1a and 1b exhibited concentration-dependent antitumor activity towards a panel of 42 human tumor cell lines with mean IC₅₀ values of 1.54 μM and 0.67 μM, respectively. Investigating human tumor xenografts in an ex-vivo clonogenic assay revealed selective antitumor activity, whereas sensitive tumor models were scattered among various tumor histotypes.     

An Aeroplysinin-1 Specific Nitrile Hydratase Isolated from the Marine Sponge Aplysina cavernicola

A nitrile hydratase (NHase) that specifically accepts the nitrile aeroplysinin-1 (1) as a substrate and converts it into the dienone amide verongiaquinol (7) was isolated, partially purified and characterized from the Mediterranean sponge Aplysina cavernicola; although it is currently not known whether the enzyme is of sponge origin or produced by its symbiotic microorganisms. The formation of aeroplysinin-1 and of the corresponding dienone amide is part of the chemical defence system of A. cavernicola. The latter two compounds that show strong antibiotic activity originate from brominated isoxazoline alkaloids that are thought to protect the sponges from invasion of bacterial pathogens. The sponge was shown to contain at least two NHases as two excised protein bands from a non denaturating Blue Native gel showed nitrile hydratase activity, which was not observed for control samples. The enzymes were shown to be manganese dependent, although cobalt and nickel ions were also able to recover the activity of the nitrile hydratases. The temperature and pH optimum of the studied enzymes were found at 41 °C and pH 7.8. The enzymes showed high substrate specificity towards the physiological substrate aeroplysinin-1 (1) since none of the substrate analogues that were prepared either by partial or by total synthesis were converted in an in vitro assay. Moreover de-novo sequencing by mass spectrometry was employed to obtain information about the primary structure of the studied NHases, which did not reveal any homology to known NHases.     

Red Algae (Rhodophyta) from the Coast of Madagascar: Preliminary Bioactivity Studies and Isolation of Natural Products

Several species of red algae (Rhodophyta) from the coastal regions of Madagascar have been investigated for their natural products. The most abundant compound was cholesterol (5) in combination with a series of oxidized congeners. The brominated indoles 1–3 along with the sesquiterpene debilone (4) have been isolated from Laurencia complanata. For the first time, debilone (4) has been obtained from a marine plant. From the methanol extract of Calloseris sp., we have achieved the second isolation of the unusual A-ring contracted steroids (−)-2-ethoxycarbonyl-2β-hydroxy-A-nor-cholest-5-en-4-one (9) and phorbasterone B (10). The crude extracts of Laurencia complanata exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albicans.     

瘤果黑种草化学成分的初步研究

[目的]通过预实验初步了解瘤果黑种草的化学成分,以对其中的有效成分进行进一步的研究.[方法]采用试管系统预试法和专项检查相结合,对水提物、醇提物、酸性乙醇提取液和石油醚提取部分通过各种显色剂、指示剂的反应,初步确定瘤果黑种草的成分.[结果]瘤果黑种草中含有生物碱、黄酮类化合物、皂甙、强心苷、植物甾醇、还原糖、有机酸、内酯、挥发油、油脂等多种成分.[结论]研究为瘤果黑种草的进一步研究及开发利用提供了一定的科学依据.