封育和放牧对高寒草甸植被群落特征和土壤特性的影响

为探究封育和放牧对高寒草甸植被群落和土壤特性的影响,本研究以封育13年和连续放牧高寒草甸为研究对象,采用野外群落调查和室内土壤分析相结合的方法,探究封育和放牧对植被群落状况和土壤特性的影响。结果表明：封育显著提高了群落的盖度和地上生物量（P<0.01）;封育显著提高了0~30 cm土壤总氮（Total nitrogen,TN）、速效氮（Available nitrogen,AN）、速效磷（Available phosphorus,AP）和速效钾（Available potassium,AK）（P<0.01）;封育显著降低了群落密度、物种丰富度指数、香农-维纳多样性指数和均匀度指数（P<0.01）。总之,封育虽增加了高寒草甸植物群落生物量和土壤养分,但在一定程度上导致草地植物群落多样性的下降,研究建议针对封育13年的高寒草甸进行适当的放牧以增加群落物种多样性和丰富度。     

国内外城市河岸带近自然植物群落构建研究评述

城市河岸带是城市最具生态效能和活力的空间,创造近自然植物群落能够提高城市的生物多样性,形成万物共生的可持续生态景观。国内外相关研究学者在积极探寻城市河岸带植物群落构建的方法和标准,但这方面的综述文章寥寥无几。在web of science和中国知网数据库中查新国内外相关文献50余篇,评述了国内外城市河岸带植物群落构建现状以及近自然植物群落构建途径两方面研究进展,以期梳理整合城市河岸带植物群落构建现状与趋势,拓宽城市河岸带植物群落新视野,为城市河岸带植物群落构建研究的体系框架提供研究思路。     

高羊茅草坪春季昆虫群落的初步研究

对新乡高羊茅草坪春季昆虫群落的系统调查表明:高羊茅草坪春季昆虫群落由8目,29种组成。其中螨类、蚜虫是春季高羊茅草坪昆虫群落的优势种;高羊茅草坪5月份昆虫群落丰富度29,样本昆虫数797,多样性指数2.507,高于4月份的丰富度22,样本昆虫数691,多样性指数1.191。并对出现这种现象的原因进行分析。     

封育对“黑土滩”垂穗披碱草栽培草地群落结构和特征的影响

在三江源区对3龄和7龄垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans栽培草地进行围栏禁牧封育,封育期为3年,在每年8月中旬进行群落调查,以冷季放牧利用的垂穗披碱草栽培草地作为对照,分析围栏内外样地的群落特征以及逐年草地群落演替过程。结果表明：1）物种多样性指数为放牧>封育,且随草龄的增长,群落多样性指数有缓慢增加趋势;2）放牧、封育2种处理样地的总盖度和优势种的盖度及高度的变化基本趋于一致, 即随建植年龄逐步变小,与放牧相比,封育草地的各值显得较低一些;3）地上植物量变化随着演替年限的增加,呈现持续下降趋势。     

Evaluation of Patients with Community‐Acquired Pneumonia Caused by Zoonotic Pathogens in an Area with a High Density of Animal Farms

Intensive animal farming could potentially lead to outbreaks of infectious diseases. Clinicians are at the forefront of detecting unusual diseases, but the lack of specificity of zoonotic disease symptoms makes this a challenging task. We evaluated patients with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) with known and unknown aetiology in an area with a high livestock density and a potential association with animal farms in the proximity. Between 2008 and 2009, a period coinciding with a large Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands, patients with CAP were tested for the presence of possible respiratory pathogens. The presence and number of farm animals within 1 km of the patients' home address were assessed using geographic information system (GIS) and were compared between cases and age‐matched control subjects. Of 408 patients with CAP, pathogens were detected in 275 (67.4%) patients. The presence of sheep and the number of goats were associated with CAP caused by Coxiella burnetii in a multiple logistic regression model (P < 0.05). CAP with unknown aetiology was not associated with the presence of animal farms (P > 0.10). The use of GIS in combination with aetiology of CAP could be potentially used to target diagnostics and to identify outbreaks of rare zoonotic disease.     

祁连山不同类型草地植被群落及牧草营养特征研究

祁连山是我国重要的生态屏障,对不同类型草地植被的研究可为草地资源的合理保护和利用提供参考。本研究采用样方法,采集并分析了祁连山东段4种不同类型的草地植被群落特征,并对牧草营养进行综合评定。结果表明：不同类型草地植被和功能群落存在差异,其中高寒草甸植被香农威纳、优势度和丰富度指数显著高于其他3类草地（P<0.05）;地上生物量表现为高寒草甸和沼泽化草甸显著低于草原化草甸和人工草地（P<0.05）,地下生物量则相反。不同类型草地牧草营养和牧草碳、氮、磷含量存在不同程度的差异。综合比较不同草地类型植被群落特征,牧草碳、氮、磷含量以及牧草营养,发现高寒草甸的植被群落稳定性,牧草营养最优,沼泽化草甸次之,草原化草甸最差。     

高寒草甸土壤微生物群落功能多样性对广布弓背蚁蚁丘扰动的响应

为了解蚂蚁在高寒草甸生态系统中的功能和作用,评估和认识高寒草甸生态系统的健康状况和稳定性,利用Biolog-ECO生态板法对蚁丘干扰后高寒草甸土壤理化性质以及土壤微生物功能多样性进行研究分析,结果表明,1)蚁丘扰动后0~10 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均显著高于蚁丘10~20 cm土层(P<0.05),而蚁丘扰动与土层深度的交互作用对理化性质均无显著影响(P>0.05);2)蚁丘干扰后高寒草甸土壤微生物多样性指数(Shannon-Weiner指数、Pielou指数、McIntosh指数和底物碳源利用数)有所增加;3)主成分分析表明蚁丘干扰对土壤微生物功能多样性产生了影响,改变了微生物代谢功能特征,土壤微生物利用的主要碳源是碳水化合物、氨基酸类和羧酸类;4)冗余分析表明土壤养分影响土壤微生物碳源代谢特征和功能。因此,由于蚂蚁的挖掘活动、有机质的累积等改变了蚁丘土壤微环境,进而改变了土壤微生物的碳源利用类型和代谢功能。     

山西铁杆蒿草地群落碳、氮密度区域差异及其驱动因素

为明确山西铁杆蒿（Artemisia sacrorum）群落碳、氮密度的区域差异,以及导致这种空间变化的驱动因素,本试验以山西省铁杆蒿草地群落为研究对象,通过测定晋北半干旱地区和晋南半湿润地区铁杆蒿群落的碳（C）、氮（N）密度,分析了其与年均气温、年降水量、土壤理化性质和地上、地下生物量等生态因子的相关性。结果表明：山西南北铁杆蒿群落碳、氮密度空间分布存在差异,晋南地区铁杆蒿群落的群落碳、氮密度分别为651.83 g C·m^-2和20.63 g N·m^-2,晋北地区铁杆蒿群落的群落碳、氮密度分别为418.89 g C·m^-2和13.90 g N·m^-2。以群落各组分碳、氮密度代表样点进行RDA（Redundancy analysis）冗余分析排序得出造成两地区群落碳、氮密度分异的主要生态因子均为地上生物量、地下生物量、年均气温、年降水量、土壤有机碳含量以及土壤砾石比。可见,山西晋南和晋北地区铁杆蒿群落碳、氮密度空间分布存在差异,不同气候区铁杆蒿群落碳、氮密度空间差异与生物量的积累密切相关,驱动晋南和晋北地区铁杆蒿群落碳氮密度分异的环境因素为年均气温、年降水量、土壤有机碳含量以及土壤砾石比。     

Oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis on rumen fermentation and the bacterial community in calves

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary probiotics on rumen fermentation and the bacterial community in dairy calves. Twelve Holstein calves were randomly allocated to three treatments: a basal diet, the basal diet supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum GF103 (LB) or basal diet supplemented with a mixture of Lactobacillus plantarum GF103 and Bacillus subtilis B27 (LBS). A milk replacer was fed to calves from 8 days of age. A starter and alfalfa hay was offered ad libitum from 21 and 28 days of age, respectively, and the orts were weighted daily. The ruminal fluid was sampled at 56 and 83 days of age to determine the rumen fermentation characteristics. The bacterial community was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and the number of certain bacteria was quantified by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The ratio of total dry matter intake to average body wieght was higher in the control (P < 0.05). The DGGE fingerprint of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was affected by the blended probiotics at 83 days of age. The number of Ruminococcus albus was lower in the LB and LBS treatment (P < 0.05). Oral administration of the probiotics affected the rumen bacterial community and the numbers of cellulolytic bacteria decreased.