Trapping Cryptophlebia illepida and C. ombrodelta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in macadamia in Hawaii

Abstract

Two species of Cryptophlebia found in Hawaii's macadamia orchards are active in different parts of a tree canopy. C. illepida (Butler) males were mostly caught in traps hung 1·5 m to 9.1 m from the ground; whereas C. ombrodelta (Lower) males were caught from 9.1 m to 15.2 m. A plastic, cylindrical sticky trap caught equal numbers of C. illepida males as Pherocon 1C traps but more than delta traps. A synthetic pheromone blend of 93% (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, 4% (E)‐8‐dodecenyl acetate, 1% (Z)‐8‐dodecenol, and 2% (2)‐7‐dedecenyl acetate attracted more males than other blends. No significant differences were detected between the two Cryptophlebia species in their response to the four‐component pheromone blend when traps were hung 4.6 m from the ground.     

Allometric Estimates of Aboveground Biomass Using Cover and Height Are Improved by Increasing Specificity of Plant Functional Groups in Eastern Australian Rangelands

Plant aboveground biomass (AGB) is a useful metric to assess ecosystem functioning, and its sensitivity to changing environmental conditions provides insight into potential global change impacts. Allometric estimates of AGB using vegetation characteristics such as plant cover or height provide nondestructive biomass proxies for repeated measurements but can introduce uncertainty to estimates. We estimated the relationship between both plant cover and a cover·height index and AGB for 15 plant species from six sites to identify the most reliable approach to estimate biomass nondestructively in semiarid eastern Australian rangelands. Estimates were made by grouping species at four different levels of specificity, to test whether generic estimates were more robust than grouping species based on life history and morphological characteristics. Estimates were then tested on a 1.5-m² plot at each site for validation. In all cases, models were highly significant (P < 0.001) with adjusted R² values ranging from 0.42 to 0.96 for cover models and 0.38 to 0.98 for cover·height index models. We found the addition of height improved model fits in four groups while reducing model fits in two groups. The error around AGB estimates for cover·height index−based models ranged from −66.8 to 4% (absolute mean 35%). Cover-based models had errors between −13.4% and 53% (absolute mean 14.2%). For cover-based estimates of AGB in validation plots, grouping plants by plant functional types (PFTs) increased accuracy (absolute mean error 17.3%) compared with estimates using data from all 15 species (absolute mean of 65.2%). Overall cover was a useful surrogate to estimate AGB (with the exception of one site, accuracy ranged from −2.3% to 11.5%), while height (thought to be a surrogate for canopy characteristics) provided benefit in a few circumstances. We suggest that future research should test additional nondestructive proxies and group species based on PFTs to improve AGB estimates using allometry.     

起垄高度对黑果枸杞生长及生理特性的影响

为了探究低洼盐碱地的合理利用方式,以黑果枸杞为试验材料,设置不起垄（对照,H1）、起垄20 cm(H2)、起垄40 cm(H3)共3个栽培处理,研究不同起垄高度对黑果枸杞生长和抗逆生理指标的影响。结果表明：起垄处理的土壤全盐含量显著高于不起垄处理。起垄处理的植株枝长和叶面积显著高于不起垄处理;叶绿素含量除8月份外,其他时期均显著高于对照。可溶性糖含量不同时期的变化幅度较小。脯氨酸含量仅在后期大幅上升,其中H2处理显著高于对照。在8月份时起垄处理的叶片K+含量显著高于H1处理,10月份时则呈相反趋势;Na+含量则一直呈现出起垄处理显著低于对照的趋势。总的来看,起垄种植黑果枸杞更有优势,起垄处理虽增加了土壤盐分含量,但对黑果枸杞生长的影响较小,而相对降低的地下水位埋深对黑果枸杞的生长影响更大,研究结果对低洼盐碱地黑果枸杞的规范化栽培具有一定的理论指导意义。     

基于鲁棒反馈线性化的联合收获机割台高度控制策略

谷物联合收获机割台高度控制非常重要,有效的割台高度控制有助于提高喂入量的稳定性、降低整机各环节的负荷波动。本文提出一种基于鲁棒反馈线性化的割台高度控制策略,该方法可以使割台跟随地面起伏进行俯仰控制调节。首先基于割台结构和动力学分析建立系统数学模型选取正弦角度的近似约简条件,将多变量的复杂非线性系统线性转换为典型的非线性系统;通过分析传统的反馈线性化控制研究可控仿射的模型构建方法,在集成鲁棒优化设计控制器基础上,提出鲁棒反馈线性化(Robust feedback linearization,RFL),通过构建灵敏度方程、选取增益来稳定系统;选取液压控制机构,根据控制液压输出的电流参数设计为基于鲁棒反馈线性化控制系统的控制器。将传统的PID控制和本文提出的鲁棒反馈线性化控制进行对比实验结果表明在不同行驶速度、地形正弦振幅和地形周期条件下,鲁棒反馈线性化控制下的高度误差均小于传统的PID控制;以3种不同行驶速度在同一起伏地面上行进,鲁棒反馈线性化控制下的高度误差受行驶速度增加的影响小于传统的PID控制。     

A 192bp allele at the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xgwm261</Emphasis> locus is not always associated with the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rht8</Emphasis> dwarfing gene in wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

The height-reducing gene Rht8 was introduced into Italian wheats by breeder Nazareno Strampelli from the Japanese landrace Akakomugi, and has been widely used in wheats adapted to southern and eastern European conditions. Following identification of a close linkage to Rht8, microsatellite marker Gwm261 has been used extensively to screen large numbers of diverse international germplasm. A 192bp allele at this locus has been taken as “diagnostic” for Rht8 and used to infer the international distribution of Rht8. In this paper, we report several instances of cultivars and mapping populations that vary for the presence of the 192bp allele at the Xgwm261 locus (Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ), but with no associated reduction in height, suggesting a lack of association with Rht8. For instance, in the population derived from a cross between Sunco (Rht-B1b, Xgwm261 ₁₆₅ ) and Tasman (Rht-D1b, Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ), there were significant height differences associated with the segregation of Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b, but no height differences between Xgwm261 genotypes. Similar results were obtained in a population derived from the cross between Molineux (Rht-B1b, Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ) and Trident (Rht-D1b Xgwm261 ₂₀₈ ). In contrast, the cross between Trident and Chuanmai 18 (Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ ) gave significant height effects at both the Rht-D1 and Xgwm261 loci, with no epistatic interaction between loci. Chuanmai 18 is closely related to the Strampelli wheat Mara (ancestrally derived from Akakomugi) and is therefore likely to carry Rht8. The old Japanese cultivar Norin 10, used by Norman Borlaug to introduce Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b into Mexican wheats, also has a 192bp allele at the Xgwm261 locus, and the sequence of the amplified product is identical to that of Akakomugi. We suggest that the widespread use of Norin 10-derived germplasm during and after the Green Revolution introduced a second haplotype into international germplasm, in which Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ has no association with Rht8. Therefore, the presence of Xgwm261 ₁₉₂ is only indicative of Rht8 in wheat cultivars that have inherited this allele from Akakomugi or a Strampelli wheat ancestor.     

不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累转运与分配特性

以矮秆玉米品种登海661 (DH661),中间型玉米品种超试3号(CS3),高秆玉米品种鲁单981 (LD981)和先玉335 (XY335)为试验材料,研究不同株高夏玉米品种同化物积累、转运及分配特性。结果表明,不同株高类型玉米品种干物质积累量在开花期之前差异不显著,其差异主要表现在开花后,随株高的增加,开花后的干物质积累降低。矮秆品种植株中下部茎秆的碳素分配率比高秆品种低,叶片则相反。通过¹³C同位素示踪研究表明,不同株高类型玉米品种不同部位叶片对产量的贡献不同。随株高降低,中、下部叶片的光合产物转移率相对提高,而上部叶片的转移率有所下降,高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高,中矮秆品种DH661和CS3下部叶片对籽粒的贡献率相对较高。不同部位叶片在开花前后对籽粒贡献也不相同,高秆品种LD981和XY335上部叶片开花后光合产物的转移率最高;矮秆品种DH661中部叶片开花前光合产物的转移率最高。     

甘蓝型油菜株高、第一分枝高和分枝数的QTL检测及候选基因筛选

株高、分枝数及第1分枝高是油菜重要的农艺性状。本研究利用甘蓝型油菜GH06和P174杂交,F2通过单粒法连续自交至F11构建重组自交系群体,利用油菜60K芯片对该群体进行基因分型,构建高密度遗传连锁图谱。结果表明,该图谱包含2795个SNP多态性标记位点,总长1832.9 c M,相邻标记间平均距离为0.66 c M。在此图谱基础上采用复合区间作图法(CIM),检测到3个农艺性状的24个QTL。其中11个株高QTL分别位于A01、A06、A07、A08、A10和C06染色体,单个QTL解释5.00%~15.26%的表型变异;7个第1分枝高QTL分别位于A06、C05和C06染色体,单个QTL解释5.04%~12.99%的表型变异;6个分枝数QTL分别位于A03、A07、C01、C04和C06染色体,单个QTL解释5.95%~8.14%的表型变异。将156个拟南芥株高相关基因、10个拟南芥第1分枝高相关基因和148个拟南芥分枝数相关基因与QTL对应置信区间序列进行同源比较分析(E1E–20),分别找出了20个株高候选基因、3个第1分枝高候选基因以及12个分枝数候选基因。2个环境中在A07染色体上重复检测到的QTL置信区间检测到与株高相关的候选基因ATGID1B/GID1B和WRI1,A08染色体上重复检测到的QTL置信区间检测到SLR/IAA14和AXR2/IAA72个与株高相关的候选基因。在具有部分置信区间重叠的q2013FBH-C05-1和q2014FBH-C05-2区间均检测到第1分枝高候选基因PHT1;8,在A03和C06染色体上的QTL置信区间内,分别检测到4个分枝数候选基因,匹配E值介于0~3E–56之间。     

甲酸乙酯的施药高度对仓内空间杀虫效果的影响

在储粮容量7000t的高大平房仓空仓内,设置一个高7.50 m、直径300mm的熏蒸室,分别在7.50m、5.61m、3.74m、1.87m和0.1m的高度放置试虫,先后从0.10m、3.74m和7.50m的高度施药,测定了甲酸乙酯对处于不同高度的赤拟谷盗(Tribolium castaneum(Herbst))和谷蠹(Rhyzopertha dominica(Fabricius))成虫的杀虫效果。结果为:在0.10m高度施药,甲酸乙酯对于靠近施药点的试虫可完全致死,而在1.87m及其以上高度处的害虫死亡率均显著低于施药点的死亡率。在高度3.74m处施药,施药点及其以下两种害虫的死亡率均显著大于施药点以上的害虫死亡率,3.74m及其以下的谷蠹均完全死亡,赤拟谷盗的死亡率则出现了0.1m处100%,1.87m和3.74m处则分别只有96.7%和81%。经7.50m高度施药,0.10m高度处的害虫死亡率达100%,且害虫死亡率出现自下而上递减的结果。本实验表明,作为熏蒸剂的甲酸乙酯在空间被施用后,静态条件下向上扩散且有效杀虫的高度小于2m;在高空施药后主要扩散趋势为向下运动(下沉),对施药点以下的害虫效果较好,建...     

Vertical distribution of sand-dust aerosols and the relationships with atmospheric environment

The vertical distribution of aerosols in the troposphere is important for determining their effects on climate.The vertical distribution of aerosols under different atmospheric conditions in the free troposphere was directly observed using a surface micro-pulse LIDAR(MPL) and a TP/WVP-3000 microwave radiometer at the Semi-Arid Climate & Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University(SACOL,35.95°N,104.10°E) in the western Loess Plateau,China,in the spring of 2008.The results showed two possible transportation paths of a sandstorm from May 1 to May 4 in 2008.In one path,sand-dust aerosols were transported toward the east from the Taklimakan Desert to the Badain Jaran Desert and the Tengger Desert by a westerly wind and then toward the southeast to Jingtai and Lanzhou.A weak aerosol index(AI) indicated another possible transport path toward the east from the Taklimakan Desert to the Qaidam Basin and through the Tibetan Plateau eastward to SACOL.The aerosol profile of sandstorm processes over the SACOL area displayed three patterns:a single peak distribution under stable atmospheric conditions,indicating urban aerosol distribution;an exponential decrease under unstable atmospheric conditions in the presence of a sandstorm;and a slight change in the mixed layer during the first and last stages of the sandstorm,indicative of thorough mixing during lifting and deposition stages.Analyses of the aerosol layer height(ALH) showed that there are two types of ALH diurnal variation.The ALH during the first sandstorm stage was complex and disordered,and affected by atmospheric circulation.While the ALH had obvious diurnal variation in the other stage,the ALH and aerosol extinction coefficient(AEC) had a single peak,and was higher in the afternoon and lower in the morning.In the second case the ALH was in agreement with the atmospheric boundary layer height(BLH) variation.As a result of the development of the atmospheric boundary layer(ABL) during day and maintenance at night,ALH during sandstorm-free days showed obvious diurnal variations.Multiple vertical distribution patterns of sand-dust aerosols will result in different climate effects;therefore,the vertical distribution patterns can be used to parameterize climate and aerosol models.     

留茬高度对带状留茬间作农田土壤防风蚀效果的影响

针对内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错带土壤风蚀严重的问题,研究了带状留茬间作的防风蚀效果,通过测定风速、地表粗糙度和土壤风蚀量,揭示不同留茬高度对留茬地和相邻裸露地的防风蚀效果.结果表明,随着留茬高度的增加,作物残茬带近地表风速降低,且留高茬(30 cm)效果最明显;随着测定高度的增加,同一留茬高度对风速的降低程度减小.地表粗糙度随留茬高度的增加而增大,留高茬地(30 cm)和邻高茬裸地的地表粗糙度分别较对照增加了466.67％和126.98％.土壤风蚀量随留茬高度的增加而减少,留高茬地(30 cm)和邻高茬裸地的风蚀量分别较对照减少了90.21％和65.51％.因此,作物残茬既增强了自身带的防风蚀效果,又在一定程度上保护了邻茬裸露带,留茬高度30 cm时防风蚀效果最好,对相邻裸露带的保护作用最明显.