菠萝不同连作年限对土壤理化性状和微生物群落丰度的影响

以未种植菠萝的空地土壤为对照，研究分析了连续种植菠萝5 a和15 a的土壤理化指标、酶活性及微生物群落丰度的变化及其规律。结果表明，与对照相比，连续种植菠萝5 a和15 a的土壤pH分别降低了0.39和0.57个单位，酸化明显；有机质、全氮、铵态氮、有效磷含量显著增加；土壤速效钾及交换性Mg、Ca含量降低；有效B、Na含量升高；土壤微生物生物量碳较对照提高了1.74倍和1.71倍；土壤微生物生物量氮较对照提高了56.01%和72.96%，但差异不显著。连续种植菠萝5 a的土壤酸性磷酸酶活性升高1.60倍，差异显著；土壤细菌、真菌丰度提高了1.56倍和26.54倍，放线菌丰度降低了35.39%。连续种植菠萝15 a的土壤过氧化氢酶活性较对照降低了52.63%；土壤细菌、放线菌丰度分别降低37.18%和13.78%，真菌丰度提高了40.74倍。     

土壤呼吸及其13C同位素测定方法的对比研究

为比较不同方法在土壤呼吸及其_¹³C同位素测定中的差异，我们应用几种常见的方法测定了不同有机质含量的水稻土壤在一定时间内的CO₂排放量及_¹³C-CO₂丰度，以期准确评估土壤呼吸及碳排放，并为相关研究提供参考。本实验采用了气相色谱仪法(GC-TCD)、稳定同位素比值质谱仪气体进样法(Gasbench-IRMS)、甲酚红显色法(MicroResp)、碱液吸收法四种方法测定土壤呼吸速率；Gasbench-IRMS法和碱液吸收法两种方式检测土壤呼吸的_¹³CO₂含量。结果表明,(1)两种仪器法(GC、IRMS)测定土壤呼吸速率的数值结果相近(基础呼吸)或趋势一致(诱导呼吸),且重复性好（标准差分别为0.011、0.010 mg C /kg/h）,准确度高；MicroResp法的测定结果与仪器测量值较为相近,但分辨率较低；碱液吸收法的测定结果较真实值偏高(当土壤有机质含量低时)或偏低(当土壤有机质含量高时)。(2)在测定CO₂中的_¹³C含量上,Gasbench-IRMS直接测定的结果误差小(δ_¹³C值的标准偏差为0.137‰),接近实际值,可以准确地反应出土壤微生物呼吸时对底物的利用状况。综上,仪器法较化学分析法(MicroResp、碱液吸收)更能准确测定土壤呼吸及其_¹³C同位素。     

亚硝化球菌属(Nitrososphaera)可能是酸性土壤硝化作用的重要驱动者

选择初始pH相近的两个酸性土壤(JX-3和JX-7)样品进行培养试验,探讨了氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)和氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)在酸性土壤硝化过程中所发挥的作用。结果显示,经过50 d的培养,JX-7样品硝化速率显著高于JX-3,且明显降低土壤pH。培养后,两个土壤样品AOB丰度均增加,但样品间没有显著差异;JX-7土壤AOA丰度显著增加,而JX-3无显著变化。两个土壤样品AOA群落组成本身存在分异,但对于同一样品培养前后均无显著分异;AOB群落组成在两土壤间没有分异,但培养前后分别有分异。培养后,JX-7样品中AOA优势属Nitrososphaera和某些未知微生物的个别OTUs绝对丰度显著增加,而两样品AOB中Nitrosospira属的一些OTUs的绝对丰度均显著增加。因此,所研究的酸性土壤样品中AOA是硝化作用的主要贡献者,而且AOA主要通过提高Nitrososphaera属中个别OTUs的丰度,而不是整个群落来调控硝化作用。     

Effects of dietary concentrate level and chromium-methionine supplementation on ruminal fermentation,and ruminal bacterial and fatty acid composition in Tan lambs北大核心CSCD

This study evaluated the effects of dietary concentrate level and chromium methionine(Cr-Met)supplementation on ruminal fermentation and fatty acid composition, and ruminal bacteria abundance in Tan lambs. Forty male Tan lambs [(21.00±1.23) kg body weight, 5 months of age] were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with 10 lambs in each treatment. The treatments were: a low-concentrate (LC) diet (concentrate:forage, 35:65) without Cr-Met supplementation; a high-concentrate (HC) diet (concentrate:forage, 55:45) without Cr-Met supplementation; groups fed the HC diet with 0.75 or 1.50 g·d-1·lamb-1 Cr-Met (HCM and HCH, respectively). Ruminal fluid was collected on day 65 with an oral stomach tube about 3 h after the morning feed and samples used for fermentation analysis, fatty acid composition determination and bacterial DNA extraction. It was found that: 1) Ruminal pH, acetate proportion and acetate:propionate were greater (P<0.05) with the LC diet whereas microbial crude protein, propionate and valerate proportions were greater (P<0.05) with the HC diet. The acetate:propionate was greater (P<0.05) in the HCM group than in the HC group. 2) For the HC diet, the DNA abundances of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens vaccenic acid subgroup (Butyrivibrio VA) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens were decreased (P<0.05), compared with the LC diet, whereas the DNA abundance of Anaerovibrio lipolytica was increased (P<0.05). For lambs fed the HC diet, DNA abundances of B. fibrisolvens stearic acid subgroup, Butyrivibrio VA, Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus, and A. lipolytica showed a linear decrease (P<0.05) with increasing Cr-Met supplementation level; However, the DNA abundance of R. flavefaciens showed a linear increase (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the LC group, the concentrations of t11 C18:1, trans C18:1, c9t11 CLA, t10c12 CLA, C18:2n6, and C18:3n3 were decreased by the HC diet without Cr-Met supplementation whereas the concentration of C18:0 was increased. There was a linear increase in t11 C18:1 and trans C18:1 with increasing Cr-Met supplementation level in lambs fed the HC diet. The results suggest that the HC diet inhibited the growth of ruminal bacteria involved in the ruminal biohydrogenation process, and the addition of Cr-Met had a potentially positive effect on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) synthesis in body tissue. © 2022, Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

影响太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度的表温因子及其机理分析

太平洋褶柔鱼是重要的大洋性经济头足类资源,其资源极易受海洋环境因子的影响,科学分析环境对种群资源丰度的影响利于科学评估和管理。本研究采用1998～2018年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群体单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)、1～3月产卵期间产卵场(25°～40°E、125°～145°E)和6～7月索饵期索饵场(26°～40°E、125～145°E)的海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST),采用广义线性模型对CPUE和SST进行分析,选择统计学有意义的SST作为影响其资源丰度的环境因子,并选取CPUE连续高值年份(2007年、2008年、2009年)和连续低值年份(2016年、2017年、2018年)。结果表明,CPUE与产卵场1~3月SST显著相关的月份主要集中在1月份(25°~40°N、125°~144.5°E),该海区SST最适温度范围为18~26℃；CPUE与索饵场6、7月SST显著相关的月份主要集中在7月份(27°N～39.5°N,125°E～144.5°E),该海区SST最适温度范围为18~28℃,CPUE连续高值年份的SST要低于连续低值年份。研究认为,太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度受产卵场和索饵场的SST影响较显著,而黑潮实力强弱也是间接影响资源丰度的主要原因之一。     

Assessing Impacts of Crested Wheatgrass AND Native Species Establishment on Soil Characteristics in Reclaimed LAND Using Bayesian Posterior Predictive Distributions

We examined the interacting effects of drastic disturbance and re‐vegetation communities on the development of soil properties over time. We compared soil characteristics from an undisturbed reference site with reclaimed mine sites that differed by vegetation type and time since reclamation: Three sites were seeded solely with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) (11, 16, and 29 years old), and two were seeded with native cool‐season grass mixes (14 and 26 years old). We sampled soil at two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm) for soil macroaggregate and microaggregate weights, aggregate carbon to nitrogen (C : N) ratios, and microbial abundance. We employed a Bayesian bivariate model to account for potential correlations in soil properties across depths and compared soil properties across sites using posterior predictive distributions. We found that all reclaimed soils, regardless of vegetation type, had total aggregate weights that were similar to the undisturbed reference soil but had a larger proportion of macroaggregates than the reference soil. Aggregate C : N ratios were similar between the undisturbed reference and crested wheatgrass soils, while the reclaimed native cool‐season grass soils had lower C : N ratios in the top 5 cm. Total microbial abundance in soils seeded with crested wheatgrass was an order of magnitude lower than that in soils occupied by native species (both reclaimed and undisturbed). The presence of crested wheatgrass on the reclaimed sites alone did not differentiate all soil properties across our reclamation sites, but seeding this single, aggressive species may have contributed to maintaining different belowground characteristics on reclaimed soils. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Low soil carbon saturation deficit limits the abundance of cbbL-carrying bacteria under long-term no-tillage maize cultivation in northern China

The responses of cbbL-carrying bacteria to different levels of soil carbon saturation deficits (SCSD) under tillage managements are largely unknown. We assessed the influence of SCSD on the abundance and diversity of cbbL-carrying bacteria under long-term no-tillage with residue retention (NT) and conventional tillage without residue retention (CT) cultivation systems in maize. We found SCSD was smaller under NT than under CT in the 0–15 cm soil layer. The abundance and the Shannon diversity of cbbL-carrying bacteria in the NT treatment were lower than in the CT treatment. Soil carbon saturation and cbbL gene abundance showed a significant positive correlation, but there was no correlation between soil carbon saturation and cbbL gene diversity. However, the long-term NT practice decreased cbbL-carrying bacteria diversity and altered the community structure of the cbbL-carrying bacteria. Our results indicated that low SCSD limited the abundance of cbbL-carrying bacteria, but there was no relationship between low SCSD and diversity of cbbL-carrying bacteria. We suggest that further studies of cbbL-carrying bacteria carbon sequestration rates and capacity should be based on the effect of management practices on cbbL-carrying bacteria abundance and diversity. Our study has important implications for the relationship between the biological and physicochemical mechanisms in CO₂ fixation.     

The dynamism fish-plant association: Ontogenetic variations in assemblage attributes in neotropical floodplain lakes

Structural habitat complexity provided by macrophytes is expected to increase richness and abundance of fish species. However, this topic is rarely investigated simultaneously at different periods of fish development. We sampled fish within macrophyte stands and in non-vegetated areas at floodplain lakes and tested the hypothesis that the presence of macrophytes increases abundance and species richness of fish, in addition to changes in species composition, at different periods of fish development. Our findings demonstrated that, in different period of fish development, the highest values of fish species richness and abundance were found at sites colonised by macrophytes. Similarly, changes in fish species composition were observed between habitats colonised by macrophytes and non-vegetated areas. Therefore, the results demonstrate that macrophyte presence plays an important role in regulating fish community structure at different periods of fish development.     

黄龙病对柑橘叶际微生物组的影响

为明确柑橘叶际微生物组对黄龙病发生的响应规律，采用荧光定量PCR技术检测采集柑橘叶片感染黄龙病菌的情况，通过扩增子测序分析法对PCR检测结果为阴性和阳性叶片的微生物群落进行比较，并通过相关性分析和网络分析对黄龙病菌和叶际微生物的相关性进行解析。结果显示，夏季采集的柑橘叶片中黄龙病菌的检出率为7.5%，而到秋季黄龙病菌的检出率上升到32.3%。黄龙病的发生显著改变了柑橘叶际细菌群落的组成和结构，对于细菌类群的丰度也有一定影响；而对叶际真菌群落的组成和结构无显著影响。黄龙病菌与叶际细菌存在普遍的负相关关系，正相关关系相对较少但相关性更强。黄龙病菌可能通过与厌氧棍状菌Anaerotruncus sp.、梭菌Clostridiales sp.、假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.、鞘脂单胞菌Sphingomonas sp.、毛螺菌Lachnospiraceae sp.和链球菌Streptococcus sp.的负向互作对柑橘叶际整个细菌群落产生负影响。表明黄龙病发生对柑橘叶际真菌和细菌群落的影响规律不同，同时黄龙病菌可能通过与几种主要细菌的负向互作来实现对叶际微生物组的影响。     

海水pH变动对东白令海渔业资源丰度变动的影响

海洋酸化对海洋物种资源变动的影响是当下人们关注的热点问题。白令海有着丰富的渔业资源,海域受到海洋酸化的风险较大。为此,研究基于1982-2014年东白令海大陆架底层拖网的调查数据,结合海水pH数据,利用动态回归模型对其中鱼类、甲壳类和软体动物的资源变动进行探究。通过模型分析,发现目前鱼类、软体动物和甲壳类各有40.63%、36.8%和33.33%的种类的资源丰度变动受到海水pH变动的影响；模拟和预测分析表明,pH变动对各物种资源丰度的影响存在种类的特异性,其中对软体动物(不包含头足类)和甲壳类均易产生负的影响；物种资源丰度在pH下降时的反应不同(包含了上升、下降和先上升后下降三种)；pH的变动可通过直接的升高或降低以及改变物种适宜栖息地范围等方式对渔业资源丰度产生影响。研究发现,仅单独分析pH对物种的影响是不够的,后续还应结合食物网、物种生活史等进行系统分析。该研究表明,海洋酸化会对不同渔业种类的资源丰度产生影响,可为资源可持续开发和利用提供参考。