Natural 15N and 13C abundance in Andisols influenced by long-term fertilization management in Japan

Two field experiments were conducted on Andisols in Japan to evaluate the changes in the natural ¹⁵N and ¹³C abundance in the soil profile and to determine whether the values of δ¹⁵N could be used as an indicator of fertilizer sources or fertilizer fate. The 6-year experiment conducted at the National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) consisted of the following treatments: application of swine compost (COMPOST), slow-release nitrogen fertilizer (SRNF), readily available nitrogen fertilizer (RANF), and absence of fertilization (CONTROL). Experimental plots located at the Nippon Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) received cattle compost at different rates for 12 years; a forest soil at this site was sampled for comparison. Swine compost application led to a considerable change in the δ¹⁵N distribution pattern in the soil profile, with the highest δ¹⁵N values recorded in the top 20 cm layers of the COMPOST plot, decreasing in the sequence of CONTROL >- RANF > SRNF, mainly due to the relatively high δ¹⁵N value of swine compost and its subsequent decomposition. In contrast, SRNF application resulted in the lowest δ¹⁵N values in soil, indicating the presence of negligible nitrogen losses relative to input and low nitrogen cycling rates. Values of δ¹⁵N increased with compost application rates at NARI. In the leachate collected at 1-m depth, the δ¹⁵N values decreased in the sequence of COMPOST > RANF ≥ CONTROL > SRNF. The δ¹³C values in soil peaked in the 40–60 cm layers for all the fertilizers. The δ¹³C value was lowest in forest soil due to the presence of plant residues in soil organic matter. These results indicated that the δ¹⁵N values in the upper soil layers or leachate may enable to detect pollution sources of organic or inorganic nitrogen qualitatively in Andisols.     

Using natural 13C abundances to differentiate between three CO2 sources during incubation of a grassland soil amended with slurry and sugar

This study describes a novel approach to separate three soil carbon (C) sources by one tracer method (here ¹³C natural abundance). The approach uses the temporal dynamics of the CO₂ efflux from a C₃ grassland soil amended with added C₃ or C₄ slurry and/or C₃ or C₄ sugar to estimate contributions of three separate C sources (native soil, slurry, and sugar) to CO₂ efflux. Soil with slurry and/or sugar was incubated under controlled conditions, and concentration and δ¹³C values of evolved CO₂ were measured over a 2‐week period. The main assumption needed for separation of three C sources in CO₂ efflux, i.e., identical decomposition of applied C₃ and C₄ sugars in soil, was investigated and proven. The relative contribution to the CO₂ efflux was higher, but shorter with an increased (microbial) availability of the C source, i.e., sugar > slurry > SOM. The shortcomings and limitations as well as possible future applications of the suggested method are discussed.     

珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉群落物种多度分布模型研究

用Weibull分布模型拟合珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉群落物种多度分布结果表明 ,长苞铁杉群落乔木层、灌木层物种多度分布均符合Weibull分布 ,Weibull分布模型应用于珍稀濒危植物长苞铁杉群落物种多度分布具可行性     

垄膜沟灌马铃薯测土施肥指标体系——以甘肃省张掖市山丹县为例

[目的]确定施肥指标体系,为垄膜沟灌马铃薯提供精确的施肥配方。[方法]2007—2010年在甘肃省张掖市山丹县进行马铃薯"3414"田间肥效试验,分析不同土壤肥力水平下马铃薯土壤有效养分含量与相对产量的相关性,并依此确定土壤养分丰缺指标和推荐施肥量。[结果]将山丹县马铃薯田间土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量等级划分为低、较低、中、较高、高5级,对应推荐施氮量分别为>225.7,193.3~225.7,117.2~193.3,161.0~177.2,<161.0kg/hm2;推荐施磷量分别为>164.3,146.5~164.3,137.6~146.5,128.6~137.6,<128.6kg/hm2;推荐施钾量分别为>166.8,149.7~166.8,141.1~149.7,132.5~141.1,<132.5kg/hm2。经过150个示范点的调研分析发现,利用测土配方施肥技术增产率达9.8%,节约化肥67.5kg/hm2,节本506.3元/hm2,节本增效3 286.5元/hm2。[结论]垄膜沟灌马铃著测土配方施肥技术可以实现普遍增产和增效。     

捡拾牦牛粪对高寒草甸植物功能群特征与生产力的影响

青藏高原高寒草甸广大牧区由于交通不便、能源短缺和生活习俗等原因,牛粪依然是当地牧民的主要生活能源来源,长期、大量地捡拾牛粪改变了粪斑的数量和面积,使养分在天然草地上无法回到草地生态系统进行再循环,因而对草地植物群落结构和生物量产生一定影响,从而增加了生态风险。为探讨捡拾牛粪对草地的生态影响,本文以青海省河南县高寒草甸生态系统为研究对象,通过对适度放牧草地上牦牛粪开展为期3年的不捡拾、一半捡拾和全部捡拾3个处理的试验研究,探讨捡拾牛粪对高寒草甸生态系统植物经济功能群落特征和生产力的影响。结果表明:牛粪不捡拾处理的草地生产力显著低于半捡拾和全捡拾处理,植物多样性显著低于半捡拾处理,禾草类优良牧草生物量显著高于半捡拾和全捡拾处理,莎草类优良牧草生物量显著高于全捡拾处理;牛粪半捡拾处理比不捡拾处理草地植被丰富度显著提高31.9%,植物多样性显著增加,群落生产力显著提高9.7%(42.6 g·m~(-2)),优良牧草和可食牧草生物量变化不显著;牛粪完全捡拾比不捡拾处理也显著增加草地植被的丰富度,增幅为10.7%,植物多样性显著增加,群落生产力显著提高4.1%(17.96 g·m~(-2)),但同时毒杂草显著增多,优良牧草和可食性牧草显著减少,牧草适口性变差。捡拾(半捡和全捡)牛粪会使禾草类和莎草类优质牧草生物量显著减少,莎草类在完全捡拾牛粪区生物量极显著减少70%以上;豆科植物生物量显著增加,在完全捡拾牛粪区生物量极显著增加,可达5倍以上;占总生物量74%~79%的杂类草和毒草的生物量也显著增加,且以半捡拾区增量最多。适度的牛粪捡拾可增加植被的丰富度和多样性,也提高了植被的生物量,并可保证牧草的营养品质和适口性。本项研究结果可以为高寒草甸牧区牛粪的适度捡拾和草地生态系统可持续管理提供科学依据。     

主要人为排放源中氮氧化物~(15)N自然丰度的测定

氮氧化物(NO_x=NO+NO_2)因其对环境和人类健康的威胁,成为大气中需要严格控制的一种痕量组分。首次运用化学转化法,通过将主要人为排放源废气中的氮氧化物(NO_x)转化为氧化亚氮(N_2O),测定气体中NO_x的15N自然丰度,即氮稳定同位素比值(δ15N-NO_x)。利用酸性氧化剂将NO_x氧化为硝酸(NO_3~-),并通过三氯化钒(VCl_3)和叠氮钠(NaN_3)的共同作用将其转化为N_2O,利用带有自动预浓缩装置的稳定同位素比值质谱计(PT-IRMS)测定δ15N-NO_x。该方法的测量精度可达0.09‰,所需样品量仅为7μg(以氮计),对火力发电站、机动交通工具等人为排放源均适用,测量精度和准确度可满足NOx相关研究的需求。     

Evaluation of habitat requirements of small rodents and effectiveness of an ecologically‐based management in a hantavirus‐endemic natural protected area in Argentina

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is a severe cardio pulmonary disease transmitted to humans by sylvan rodents found in natural and rural environments. Disease transmission is closely linked to the ecology of animal reservoirs and abiotic factors such as habitat characteristics, season or climatic conditions. The main goals of this research were: to determine the biotic and abiotic factors affecting richness and abundance of rodent species at different spatial scales, to evaluate different methodologies for studying population of small rodents, and to describe and analyze an ecologically‐based rodent management experience in a highly touristic area. A 4‐year study of small rodent ecology was conducted between April 2007 and August 2011 in the most relevant habitats of El Palmar National Park, Argentina. Management involved a wide range of control and prevention measures, including poisoning, culling and habitat modification. A total of 172 individuals of 5 species were captured with a trapping effort of 13 860 traps‐nights (1.24 individuals/100 traps‐nights). Five rodent species were captured, including 2 hantavirus‐host species, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Akodon azarae. Oligoryzomys nigripes, host of a hantavirus that is pathogenic in humans, was the most abundant species and the only one found in all the studied habitats. Our results are inconsistent with the dilution effect hypothesis. The present study demonstrates that sylvan rodent species, including the hantavirus‐host species, have distinct local habitat selection and temporal variation patterns in abundance, which may influence the risk of human exposure to hantavirus and may have practical implications for disease transmission as well as for reservoir management.     

豆科灌木固氮量的评估

N2-fixation percentages in the aerial parts of the first and second cuttings of five species of leguminous shrub plants.i.e.Lespedeza formosa(Vog.) Koehne from Jiangxi,Lespedeza pilosa(Thunb.) Sieb et Zucc.,Lespedeza formosa(Vog.) Koehne from Zhejiang,Cajanus cajan(L.)Millsp.and Indigofera pseudotinctoria Mats.Of three genera were investigated in terms of pot culture experiment using natural 15N abundance method with Bischofia javanica B1,Camptotheca acuminatas Decne,and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis as reference plants.Results showed that the N2-fixation percnetages were different for the three genera of leguminous shrubs but almost the same for three species in the same genus.I.pseudotinctoria Mats.had the highest N2-fixation percentage in its aerial part,and then followed by Lespedeza and C.cajan,The N2-fixation percentages in the aerial parts of the plants that had grown for three years tended to be lower than those of the one-year-old plants except.L.formosa(Vog),Koehne from zhejiang and L.formosa(vog,)Koghne from Jiangxi.     

A mail survey to estimate the fishery dynamics of southern Florida's bonefish charter fleet

Abstract Bonefish, Albula vulpes (L.), support an economically important recreational fishery in southern Florida, USA that has received little scientific study and has never been adequately assessed. A mail survey of 322 captains that comprise the southern Florida bonefish charter fleet was conducted to acquire a baseline understanding of the primary fishery statistics. The response rate was 59% and a follow‐up telephone survey of non‐respondents indicated no non‐response bias. Experience in the fishery ranged from 3 to 61 years. The annual fishing effort was 30 875 boat days. The majority of the fleet fishing effort occurred in the northern Florida Keys and is presumed to reflect bonefish abundance. The instantaneous mortality rate of released fish was 0.11 year^?1. The majority of the respondents indicated that the bonefish stock had declined over the past decade.