基于海表温因子的太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度预测模型比较

太平洋褶柔鱼是世界上重要的大洋性经济柔鱼类资源,其资源易受海洋环境因子的影响,科学预测其资源丰度有利于科学生产和管理。本实验依据2000—2010年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE),以及产卵期间(1—3月)产卵场(28°~40°N、125°~140°E)的海表温(SST)数据,进行SST与CPUE的相关性分析,选取统计学有意义的SST作为影响资源丰度的因子,分别建立多元线性和BP神经网络的资源丰度预报模型,并利用2011和2012年的CPUE进行验证。结果显示,CPUE与产卵场1—3月SST相关系数较高的海域分别为1月的S1(30.5°N,136.5°E)和S2(31.5°N,136.5°E),2月的S3(30.5°N,137.5°E)和S4(30.5°N,135.5°E),3月的S5(37.5°N,129.5°E)和S6(37.5°N,130.5°E)。在多元线性及不同结构的BP神经网络等5种预报模型中,结构为6-4-1的BP神经网络模型预测精度最高,2011—2012年CPUE预测值精度平均为98%。研究表明,30°~32°N、135°~138°E和37°~38°N、129°~131°E附近海域的6个环境因子代表着1—3月产卵场暖流(黑潮和对马海流)势力的强弱,决定着当年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度,所建立的BP神经网络模型可作为其资源丰度的预测模型。     

亚热带城市环境下桑寄生植物的7年扩散动态

[目的]研究2种桑寄生植物寄主种类、寄生感染率和寄生强度的动态,揭示桑寄生植物的种群扩散机制.[方法]以桑寄生植物及其寄主为研究对象,分别于2012和2019年,在成都市区55.4 hm2范围内对寄生植物与寄主植物的种类、数量及其分布进行调查.[结果]研究区域内2012年有寄主植物41种,寄主个体991株;2019年有...     

保护性耕作对西北旱区土壤微生物空间分布及土壤理化性质的影响

【目的】保护性耕作在中国西北旱区已得到了广泛应用,是农业生产中重要的技术措施。探析保护性耕作对土壤肥力和土壤微生物群落结构的影响,有助于农业生产的可持续发展。本试验从土壤理化性质和微生物相结合的角度,探讨保护性耕作对土壤微生物空间结构的影响,以及旱作麦田微生物群落丰度和土壤理化性质的相关性,为推广保护性耕作措施提供理论依据和实践支持。【方法】以中国西北旱区土壤为研究对象,常规耕作翻耕(PT)为对照,设计深松耕(CPT)和免耕(ZT)两种保护性耕作方式,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,测定土壤微生物群落丰度和土壤理化性质指标,并分析微生物群落空间分布与土壤理化性质和保护性耕作之间的关系。【结果】长期应用保护性耕作已对旱作麦田的环境产生显著影响,不同的耕作方式对土壤真菌和细菌群落丰度有不同的影响,两者对3种耕作方式均有不同程度的响应;在不同的耕作方式下,土壤微生物空间分布不均,连续性较差,空间变异程度较高,表现出强烈的空间聚集分布。耕作方式对土壤理化性质和酶活性也有显著的影响,与传统翻耕相比,深松耕和免耕方式能显著提高土壤黏粒、水分、全氮、铵态氮含量和脲酶、蔗糖酶活性。典范主分量分析(CPCA)结果表明,土壤微生物群落丰度和理化性质变化主要受到耕作方式的影响,并且土壤微生物群落丰度与理化性质密切相关,在免耕方式下,土壤黏粒、水分和铵态氮含量等显著影响土壤细菌群落分布;在深松耕方式下,土壤可溶性碳含量和过氧化氢酶活性等显著影响土壤真菌群落分布。【结论】旱作麦田采用保护性耕作,可以影响土壤微生物群落丰度和空间分布,并且显著影响土壤理化性质,进而影响土壤微生物空间结构。同时,土壤水分和碳氮含量分别显著影响土壤细菌和真菌丰度。     

白浆土的农化性状

对白浆土有机质与全量和速效ＮＰＫ及微量元素Ｂ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｏ、Ｆｅ的分析认为白浆土中有机质与ＮＰＫ养分在表层均较丰富，向下层急剧减少，各地区及不同亚类之间有差异。有效Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ只有少部分白浆土缺，在剖面上分异大，随着生产的发展，应在测土的前提下进行补充；Ｂ和Ｍｏ在白浆土上缺的范围大，是当前生产上值得注意的问题。     

ZnO纳米颗粒对活性污泥脱氮效果及硝化细菌丰度的影响

【目的】研究ZnO纳米颗粒对活性污泥脱氮效果及硝化细菌丰度的影响,以揭示ZnO纳米颗粒对活性污泥脱氮系统的影响机制。【方法】向模拟的4LSBR反应器内投加1,10,20mg/L ZnO纳米颗粒悬液,以未投加ZnO纳米颗粒的反应器为对照(CK),测定不同质量浓度ZnO纳米颗粒处理的活性污泥NH+4-N和总氮(TN)、硝化速率的变化;最后采用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH),对不同质量浓度ZnO纳米颗粒处理下活性污泥中硝化细菌(氨氧化细菌(Ammonia Oxidizing Bacteria,AOB)和亚硝酸氧化菌(Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria,NOB))的丰度水平进行检测。【结果】1,10,20mg/L ZnO纳米颗粒悬液短期(6h)暴露下对活性污泥脱氮效果没有明显影响;活性污泥经10,20mg/L ZnO纳米颗粒悬液长期接触(30d)后,TN去除率由投加前的81.4%,80.5%分别下降至66.1%,47.4%,NH+4-N去除率由投加前的80.4%,84.3%分别下降至62.1%,53.4%。随着ZnO纳米颗粒质量浓度的增加,硝化速率也明显下降。FISH定量分析表明,长期(30d)暴露于10~20mg/L的ZnO纳米颗粒环境中,活性污泥中的AOB和NOB丰度水平大幅降低,60d后略有回升。【结论】10~20mg/L ZnO纳米颗粒悬液对脱氮菌群生长和代谢活性均产生较明显的抑制作用,这是活性污泥脱氮效果明显降低的主要原因。     

黄龙病对柑橘叶际微生物组的影响

为明确柑橘叶际微生物组对黄龙病发生的响应规律,采用荧光定量PCR技术检测采集柑橘叶片感染黄龙病菌的情况,通过扩增子测序分析法对PCR检测结果为阴性和阳性叶片的微生物群落进行比较,并通过相关性分析和网络分析对黄龙病菌和叶际微生物的相关性进行解析。结果显示,夏季采集的柑橘叶片中黄龙病菌的检出率为7.5%,而到秋季黄龙病菌的检出率上升到32.3%。黄龙病的发生显著改变了柑橘叶际细菌群落的组成和结构,对于细菌类群的丰度也有一定影响;而对叶际真菌群落的组成和结构无显著影响。黄龙病菌与叶际细菌存在普遍的负相关关系,正相关关系相对较少但相关性更强。黄龙病菌可能通过与厌氧棍状菌Anaerotruncus sp.、梭菌Clostridiales sp.、假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.、鞘脂单胞菌Sphingomonas sp.、毛螺菌Lachnospiraceae sp.和链球菌Streptococcus sp.的负向互作对柑橘叶际整个细菌群落产生负影响。表明黄龙病发生对柑橘叶际真菌和细菌群落的影响规律不同,同时黄龙病菌可能通过与几种主要细菌的负向互作来实现对叶际微生物组的影响。     

The dynamism fish-plant association: Ontogenetic variations in assemblage attributes in neotropical floodplain lakes

Structural habitat complexity provided by macrophytes is expected to increase richness and abundance of fish species. However, this topic is rarely investigated simultaneously at different periods of fish development. We sampled fish within macrophyte stands and in non-vegetated areas at floodplain lakes and tested the hypothesis that the presence of macrophytes increases abundance and species richness of fish, in addition to changes in species composition, at different periods of fish development. Our findings demonstrated that, in different period of fish development, the highest values of fish species richness and abundance were found at sites colonised by macrophytes. Similarly, changes in fish species composition were observed between habitats colonised by macrophytes and non-vegetated areas. Therefore, the results demonstrate that macrophyte presence plays an important role in regulating fish community structure at different periods of fish development.     

Fish community response to environmental variations in an impacted Neotropical basin

Fish communities’ organisation is a challenging task due to global, local and temporal variations related to biotic and abiotic factors, highlighting anthropic activities. The Verde River Basin (VRB) was chosen as a model to the fish community study due to its complexity, presenting a longitudinal gradient of degradation. The ichthyofauna and abiotic factors were sampled during twelve months in four sites. Analyses employed rarefaction curves with Hill numbers estimators and canonical correspondence analysis. The endemic Apareiodon sp. (not described), Hypostomus albopunctatus, H. strigaticeps, Oligosarcus paranensis, Neoplecostomus yapo and Trichomycterus diabolus were associated with structurally complex and well‐preserved environments. In contrary, Astyanax aff. fasciatus, Corydoras ehrhardti, Geophagus brasiliensis, H. ancistroides and Phalloceros harpagos showed tolerance to impacted environments. The methods here employed allowed to identify and explain differences in the ichthyofauna structure, distinguishing the influence of spatial, temporal and human effects on the fish communities.     

Abundance and depth stratification of soil arthropods as influenced by tillage regimes in a sandy loam soil

Different tillage regimes can change soil micro‐environmental characteristics, which may influence the distribution and abundance of soil arthropods. In this study, soil arthropods and soil properties under a winter wheat–summer maize cropping system were investigated in different tillage regimes over four seasons at two depths. The tillage treatments included conventional tillage (CT ), tillage once a year (T1), tillage every two years (T2) and no‐tillage (NT ). The results showed that the primary taxa of soil arthropod were Acarina (65.8%), Collembola (28.5%), Diplura (1.4%) and Coleoptera (1%) over the whole sampling period. The total arthropod density was influenced by tillage treatments and season of sampling. Values for CT plots were significantly greater than those for the NT plots in autumn and spring. In contrast, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’) and the evenness index (J) were relatively higher in CT treatment. The Acarina/Collembola (A/C) ratio was significantly smaller in NT treatment for some sampling seasons as mites were more sensitive to tillage practices. The QBS ‐ar index did not show a clear pattern among treatments in this study. Soil arthropods notably showed seasonal variation in depth stratification. Relative to CT , the total soil arthropods in the NT plots tended to concentrate in the upper layer due to soil compaction in the lower layer. The climate conditions and soil physical properties were the main factors affecting the soil arthropod distribution and composition, as the soil chemical and microbial properties did not differ significantly among all tillage treatments.     

湄洲湾海域甲壳动物群落多样性分析

根据2012年9月和2013年4月湄洲湾海域2个航次单拖网调查资料,分析了该海域甲壳动物种类组成、丰度与生物量、优势种及群落多样性。结果表明,2个航次共捕获甲壳动物35种,其中虾类17种、蟹类15种、虾蛄类3种,隶属于2目8科15属。2012年9月优势种为断脊口虾蛄(Oratosquillina interrupta)、黑斑口虾蛄(O.kempi)、锈斑■(Charybdis feriatus)、刀额仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis cultrirostris)和周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri);2013年4月优势种为断脊口虾蛄、双斑■(C.bimaculata)、刀额仿对虾和细巧仿对虾(P.tenella);而且断脊口虾蛄和刀额仿对虾为2个航次共有的优势种。2012年9月,甲壳动物平均丰度为1.50×10-2个·m~(-2)、平均生物量为1.47×10-1g·m~(-2),生物量优势度曲线位于丰度优势度曲线之上。2013年4月,甲壳动物平均丰度为3.73×10-3个·m~(-2)、平均生物量为1.57×10-2g·m~(-2),生物量优势度曲线位于丰度优势度曲线之下。2012年9月和2013年4月,甲壳动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')分别为1.30和1.31,Pielou均匀度指数(J')分别为0.62和0.68。