白纹伊蚊生活习性及年数量消长

结果表明:伊蚊白天产卵量大于晚上,而且喜在黑色、粗糙的容器中(靠近水面处)产卵;盛水容器离地面距离越高,白纹伊蚊产卵量越少.在福州,幼虫出现在3月中旬,成虫始见于3月下旬,7至9月为发生高峰期;10月底至翌年3月上旬不见成虫活动.     

苜蓿土壤氮磷钾丰缺指标初步研究

选取综合肥力差异较大的5种农田土壤,安排全肥(适量N,P,K肥)、缺氮、缺磷、缺钾盆栽试验,依据第一年干草产量用养分丰缺法确定了种植新牧1号紫花苜蓿土壤的氮、磷、钾丰缺指标。盆栽试验结果表明:种植新牧1号紫花苜蓿,土壤碱解氮含量10～21mg·kg-1为缺、21～29mg·kg-1为中、29～40mg·kg-1为丰,大于40mg·kg-1为极丰;土壤速效磷含量3.3～7.7mg·kg-1为缺、7.7～11.3mg·kg-1为中、11.3～17.8mg·kg-1为丰,大于17.8mg·kg-1为极丰;土壤速效钾含量49～123mg·kg-1为缺、123～191mg·kg-1为中、191～338mg·kg-1为丰,大于338mg·kg-1为极丰。     

Field-applying an inexpensive, 13C-depleted,labile carbon source to study in situ fate and short-term effects on soils

Background

Labile carbon (C_labile) limits soil microbial growth and is critical for soil functions like nitrogen (N) immobilization. Most experiments evaluating C_labile additions use laboratory incubations. We need to field-apply C_labile to fully understand its fate and effects on soils, especially at depth, but high cost and logistical difficulties hinder this approach.

Aims

Here, we evaluated the impact of adding an in situ pulse of an inexpensive and ¹³C-depleted source of C_labile—crude glycerol carbon (C_glyc), a by-product from biodiesel production—to agricultural soils under typical crop rotations in Iowa, USA.

Methods

We broadcast-applied C_glyc at three rates (0, 216, and 866 kg C ha⁻¹) in autumn after soybean harvest, tracked its fate, and measured its impact on soil C and N dynamics to four depths (0–5, 5–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm). Nineteen days later, we measured C_glyc in microbial biomass carbon (MBC), salt-extractable organic C, and potentially mineralizable C pools. We paired these measurements with nitrate N (NO₃⁻–N) and potential net N mineralization to examine short-term effects on N cycling.

Results

C_glyc was found to at least 45-cm depth with the majority in MBC (18%–23% of total C_glyc added). The δ¹³C values of the other measured C pools were too variable to accurately track the C_labile fate. NO₃⁻–N was decreased by 13%–57% with the 216 and 866 kg C ha⁻¹ rates, respectively, and was strongly related to greater microbial uptake of C_glyc (i.e., immobilization via microbial biomass). Crude glycerol application had minor effects on soil pH—the greatest rate decreased pH 0.18 units compared to the control.

Conclusions

Overall, glycerol is an inexpensive and effective way to measure in situ, C_labile dynamics with soil depth—analogous to how mobile, dissolved organic C might behave in soils—and can be applied to rapidly immobilize NO₃⁻–N.     

The impacts of roads and other infrastructure on mammal and bird populations: A meta-analysis

Biodiversity is being lost at an increased rate as a result of human activities. One of the major threats to biodiversity is infrastructural development. We used meta-analyses to study the effects of infrastructure proximity on mammal and bird populations. Data were gathered from 49 studies on 234 mammal and bird species. The main response by mammals and birds in the vicinity of infrastructure was either avoidance or a reduced population density. The mean species abundance, relative to non-disturbed distances (MSA), was used as the effect size measure. The impact of infrastructure distance on MSA was studied using meta-analyses. Possible sources of heterogeneity in the results of the meta-analysis were explored with meta-regression.Mammal and bird population densities declined with their proximity to infrastructure. The effect of infrastructure on bird populations extended over distances up to about 1 km, and for mammal populations up to about 5 km. Mammals and birds seemed to avoid infrastructure in open areas over larger distances compared to forested areas, which could be related to the reduced visibility of the infrastructure in forested areas. We did not find a significant effect of traffic intensity on the MSA of birds. Species varied in their response to infrastructure. Raptors were found to be more abundant in the proximity of infrastructure whereas other bird taxa tended to avoid it. Abundances were affected at variable distances from infrastructure: within a few meters for small-sized mammals and up to several hundred meters for large-sized mammals.Our findings show the importance of minimizing infrastructure development for wildlife conservation in relatively undisturbed areas. By combining actual species distributions with the effect distance functions we developed, regions sensitive to infrastructure development may be identified. Additionally, the effect distance functions can be used in models in support of decision making on infrastructure planning.     

长江口九段沙潮间带大型底栖动物季节分布特征的初步研究

2005年4月（春季）、7月（夏季）、10月（秋季）和2006年1月（冬季）。对长江口九段沙潮间带大型底栖动物进行了定性和定量调查。共采集到大型底栖动物73种，平均丰度442．94ind·m^-2，生物量40．78g·m^-2．与历史资料比对，大型底栖动物的种数显著增加，新记录31种，曾经有过报道但未采集到标本的有3种；大型底栖动物的丰度变化不大，生物量有明显增加，多样性指数增大。大型底栖动物的丰度、生物量、多样性指数和相对重要性指数随季节的不同而有所变化，其中丰度和生物量以秋季最高，夏季次之，春季和冬季较低；多样性指数冬季最高，夏季次之，春季和秋季较低。优势种为谭氏泥蟹、梨形环棱螺、绯拟沼螺、琵琶拟沼螺、河蚬、焦河篮蛤、中国绿螂和丝异蚓虫；相对重要性指数值较高的有无齿相手蟹、天津厚蟹、谭氏泥蟹、中华拟蟹守螺、堇拟沼螺、绯拟沼螺、琵琶拟沼螺、梨形环棱螺、中国绿螂、焦河篮蛤、河蚬和丝异蚓虫。大型底栖动物的分布主要受水温、水文和工程的影响，此外，工程建设和互花米草扩散对其也造成了一定的影响。     

黄海南部近岸水域棘头梅童鱼仔稚鱼的分布和漂移趋势

鱼类早期资源特征对鱼类种群的研究和渔业资源的评估管理具有极大的价值.实验于2019年3月—2020年1月在黄海南部近岸水域设置47个站点,每月大潮期间使用仔稚鱼网采集仔稚鱼,揭示了棘头梅童鱼仔稚鱼丰度的时空分布特征和漂移趋势,采用广义相加模型分析环境因子与之关联.调查共采集到棘头梅童鱼仔稚鱼2385尾,出现在6—10月...     

辽宁省黄海北部沿岸夏季和秋季浮游动物群落结构

2014年8月(夏季)和10月(秋季)对辽宁省黄海北部沿岸海域进行了2个航次的浮游生物调查,共检测出浮游动物35种,其中夏季30种,秋季34种。浮游动物以小型桡足类和浮游幼虫为主。洪氏纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、强壮箭虫、异体柱囊虫和双壳类幼体为夏季优势种;洪氏纺锤水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、强壮箭虫、异体柱囊虫、桡足类幼虫、沃氏纺锤水蚤为秋季优势种。夏季浮游动物生物量高于秋季,生物量则低于秋季。季节变化会影响浮游动物的丰度和生物量。辽宁省黄海北部沿岸浮游动物丰度、生物量较高,小型桡足类在黄海北部沿岸浮游动物群落结构中具有重要的作用。     

基于海表温因子的太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度预测模型比较

太平洋褶柔鱼是世界上重要的大洋性经济柔鱼类资源,其资源易受海洋环境因子的影响,科学预测其资源丰度有利于科学生产和管理。本实验依据2000—2010年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE),以及产卵期间(1—3月)产卵场(28°~40°N、125°~140°E)的海表温(SST)数据,进行SST与CPUE的相关性分析,选取统计学有意义的SST作为影响资源丰度的因子,分别建立多元线性和BP神经网络的资源丰度预报模型,并利用2011和2012年的CPUE进行验证。结果显示,CPUE与产卵场1—3月SST相关系数较高的海域分别为1月的S1(30.5°N,136.5°E)和S2(31.5°N,136.5°E),2月的S3(30.5°N,137.5°E)和S4(30.5°N,135.5°E),3月的S5(37.5°N,129.5°E)和S6(37.5°N,130.5°E)。在多元线性及不同结构的BP神经网络等5种预报模型中,结构为6-4-1的BP神经网络模型预测精度最高,2011—2012年CPUE预测值精度平均为98%。研究表明,30°~32°N、135°~138°E和37°~38°N、129°~131°E附近海域的6个环境因子代表着1—3月产卵场暖流(黑潮和对马海流)势力的强弱,决定着当年太平洋褶柔鱼冬生群资源丰度,所建立的BP神经网络模型可作为其资源丰度的预测模型。     

气候变化对长江口鱼类资源密度分布的重塑作用

本研究以2012-2013年长江口鱼类资源密度分布为基础,通过动态生物气候分室模型(DBEM)预估了不同气候变化情景下(IPCC,RCP2.6、RCP6.0和RCP8.5)长江口鱼类资源密度增量分布的变化.在RCP2.6、RCP6.0和RCP8.5这3种气候变化情景下,鱼类资源密度增量、底层鱼类资源密度增量随着时间推移均呈递增趋势,且递增程度和增量重心分布范围随着温室气体排放的增加而扩大(RCP8.5＞RCP6.0＞RCP2.6).鱼类资源密度增量重心主要分布在长江口崇明岛沿岸水域,长江口外侧水域资源密度增量相对较低,并且资源密度增量重心有向南迁移的趋势.     

大亚湾海域鱼类分类多样性研究

根据20世纪80年代起大亚湾海域鱼类调查研究的历史资料,采用Nelson分类系统对鱼类物种组成进行了系统整理,从不同分类阶元分析了大亚湾海域鱼类的多样性。分类阶元包含指数(TINCL_i),分类多样性指数(Δ⁺和∧⁺),目级和科级水平丰富度(R)以及目级和科级水平相似性系数(C)为本研究的主要研究指数,其中分类阶元包含指数TINCL_i为本文首次提出。结果显示,大亚湾海域共记录鱼类22目94科206属,以鲈形目种类居绝对优势。采用分类阶元包含指数分析,大亚湾海域鱼类组成目、科、属所分别拥有的(科、属、种),(属、种)和(种)的平均数目分别为(4.27、9.36、14.55),(2.19、3.40)和(1.55),高于东海陆架,而低于东沙群岛海域,并且与纬度梯度成反比,证明低纬度海域的鱼类分类多样性低,种类组成主要集中分布于较少数的分类类群。使用PRIMER 5.2软件计算了平均分类差异指数Δ⁺和分类差异变异指数∧⁺,数值分别为62.2和110.0,其中Δ⁺低于东海陆架区(65.7),高于东沙群岛海域(55.2),说明大亚湾海域鱼类的亲缘关系比东海陆架区海域鱼类近,比东沙群岛海域鱼类的远,并且分布较不均匀。3个海区的相似性系数比较结果显示,在目级水平上,大亚湾海域鱼类组成同东沙群岛接近,而科级水平上同东海陆架区更为接近。本研究在种以上的分类阶元审视大亚湾海域鱼类组成,以期增加对大亚湾鱼类多样性的认识,为该区域鱼类资源的开发、利用和保护提供参考依据。