Effects of climate on temporal variation in the abundance and distribution of the demersal fish assemblage in the Tsushima Warm Current region of the Japan Sea

In the present study, we examined the effects of climate on temporal variation in the abundance and geographical distribution of demersal fishes at both interannual and decadal scales in the Tsushima Warm Current region of the Japan Sea using single‐trawler fishery data (1972–2002). This single‐trawler fishery targeted multiple species with different geographical affinities and life history traits. Thus, these data were suitable for examining the biological mechanisms that underlie how species respond to climate variability. Our results indicate that the distributional changes of species in response to decadal climate variability are best explained by asymptotic length, which indicates that warming has greater negative effects on larger fishes in the Japan Sea. However, none of the variables examined (including geographical affinity, asymptotic length and age at maturation) could explain the shift in abundance at interannual or decadal scales. It should be noted that life history traits and geographical affinities only provide partial explanations of the responses of species to environmental variability, thereby suggesting that other factors, such as interactions among species, may be involved in mediating species responses.     

Electrofishing efficiency in low conductivity neotropical streams: towards a non‐destructive fish sampling method

Rotenone sampling is the most efficient method for assessing the fish assemblage structure and species abundance of low conductivity Amazonian streams. It does, however, cause fish mortality and disturb aquatic ecosystem. The aim of this study was to search for a non‐destructive alternative. The efficiency of electrofishing was compared against complete removal using rotenone. This procedure was repeated in 12 streams dispersed throughout French Guiana to test for environmental and biological effects such as water conductivity, stream depth, fish family membership and body size. This study revealed that the efficiency of electrofishing was influenced by stream conductivity and stream depth, but not by fish family or body size. The electrofishing method might constitute an efficient alternative to using rotenone in smaller streams (below 25‐cm depth and above 43 μS cm^?1), whereas in deeper and/or slightly conductive streams, rotenone still remains the only method able to provide a quick and comprehensive picture of the fish assemblage.     

车轮虫丰度与水环境因子相关性研究

为了解车轮虫(Trichodina spp.)丰度与水环境因子之间的相关性,对养殖水体黄颡鱼腮部寄生的车轮虫丰度进行了统计,同时对水体的温度、总磷、活性磷、总氮、亚硝酸盐、氨氮进行了测定。相关性分析表明,黄颡鱼腮部寄生车轮虫丰度与总磷浓度、活性磷浓度、总氮浓度显著负相关;与亚硝酸盐浓度显著正相关;与温度(24.0~30.5℃)、氨氮浓度无显著相关性。     

黄河中游沙漠丘陵区土壤养分变化及玉米种植适宜性

为了解黄河中游沙漠丘陵区从全国第二次土壤普查(1985年)至2015年共30年间土壤养分变化情况,并为该区域玉米种植的合理布局提供参考,利用ASI法测定野外采集土样的基本肥力,采用专家经验法和模糊数学法完成丰缺指标体系的确定及评价,与二次土壤普查结果比较以判断30年间土壤质量的变化。以ACCESS、ArcGIS软件为研究平台,使用层次分析法、特尔斐法和田间试验法对研究区玉米种植适宜性分布的时间、空间变化进行定量评价与分级。结果表明:在30年内各养分指标平均含量均有所提升,其中有机质增加1.91g/kg,有效磷增加2.17mg/kg,速效钾增加11.63mg/kg,碱解氮增加7.16mg/kg,但仍不足以供应玉米生长需求,需因地制宜,着重在河谷川地和风沙滩地发展种植,减少黄土丘陵区域种植分布,均衡施肥,科学灌溉,在合理利用土地的同时避免环境污染。     

江苏沿岸海域大型底栖生物群落特征

为了解江苏沿岸海域大型底栖生物现状,分别于2014年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)和秋季(11月),对该海域大型底栖生物种类组成、生物量、丰度和生物多样性进行了调查。结果表明:3个航次共采集到大型底栖生物种类6门(环节动物、棘皮动物、甲壳动物、软体动物、腔肠动物和鱼类)92种,其中,甲壳动物种类最多(31种),其次为鱼类(28种)和软体类(27种),大型底栖生物种类数呈现北部海域(54种)南部海域(32种)中部海域(30种)的特征,优势种类主要有伶鼬榧螺Oliva mustelina、海地瓜Acaudina molpadioides、马氏刺蛇尾Ophrothrix marenzelleri、沙蚕Nereis succinea、毛蚶Scapharca kagoshimensis和缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta;3个航次大型底栖生物平均丰度为6.33 ind./m2,时空分布为春季南部海域中部海域和北部海域,夏季为南部海域北部海域中部海域,秋季为北部海域南部海域中部海域;大型底栖生物平均生物量为13.22 g/m2,时空分布为春季和夏季南部海域北部海域中部海域,秋季为中部海域南部海域北部海域;以季节和海域为双因素对物种数、丰度、生物量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行方差分析,结果表明,除丰度不同海域间存在显著性差异(P0.05)外,其他各项均无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,与历史资料相比,江苏沿岸海域大型底栖生物种类数减少,优势种类发生变化。     

城市化对麻雀数量与分布的影响——以北京为例

随着中国各地城市化进程的加快,城市中麻雀(Passer montanus)的生存可能受到食物和栖息地缺乏的影响.我们以北京为例研究了城市化对麻雀数量和分布的影响.结果表明:麻雀的丰富度与城市化分数呈显著负相关,高层居民区、商业中心以及主干道两侧的麻雀丰富度显著较低,而公园、校园、低层居民区以及城郊区的麻雀丰富度显著较高;50 m尺度内针叶树的数量和硬化地面积以及200 m尺度内高层建筑和植被面积是影响冬季麻雀分布的主要环境因子;50 m尺度内的低层建筑面积、针叶树数量、硬化地面积以及400 m尺度的高层建筑和植被面积是影响繁殖期麻雀分布的主要环境因子.以上结果表明尽管麻雀是一种适应人类环境的鸟类,然而高度城市化的区域不适合麻雀的栖息.我们建议将城市鸟类的栖息纳入未来的生态城市规划中.     

阳东县水稻测土配方施肥氮素指标体系初步研究

通过2007―2009年3年来阳东县各地区的水稻"3414"田间肥效试验结果进行统计分析,建立了阳东县水稻土壤有效氮素养分极低、低、中、高四级养分丰缺指标,提出了不同肥力水平下水稻土壤的推荐施氮肥量。结果表明,建立的水稻土壤有效氮丰缺指标的数学模型为y=19.058Ln(x)+23.797,水稻土壤有效氮含量与推荐施氮量的数学模型为y=-0.0064x+3.09。根据模型获得的推荐施氮量仍需在生产中进一步验证。     

Three‐source partitioning of CO2 efflux from maize field soil by 13C natural abundance

A natural‐¹³C‐labeling approach—formerly observed under controlled conditions—was tested in the field to partition total soil CO₂ efflux into root respiration, rhizomicrobial respiration, and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. Different results were expected in the field due to different climate, site, and microbial properties in contrast to the laboratory. Within this isotopic method, maize was planted on soil with C₃‐vegetation history and the total CO₂ efflux from soil was subdivided by isotopic mass balance. The C₄‐derived C in soil microbial biomass was also determined. Additionally, in a root‐exclusion approach, root‐ and SOM‐derived CO₂ were determined by the total CO₂ effluxes from maize (Zea mays L.) and bare‐fallow plots. In both approaches, maize‐derived CO₂ contributed 22% to 35% to the total CO₂ efflux during the growth period, which was comparable to other field studies. In our laboratory study, this CO₂ fraction was tripled due to different climate, soil, and sampling conditions. In the natural‐¹³C‐labeling approach, rhizomicrobial respiration was low compared to other studies, which was related to a low amount of C₄‐derived microbial biomass. At the end of the growth period, however, 64% root respiration and 36% rhizomicrobial respiration in relation to total root‐derived CO₂ were calculated when considering high isotopic fractionations between SOM, microbial biomass, and CO₂. This relationship was closer to the 50% : 50% partitioning described in the literature than without fractionation (23% root respiration, 77% rhizomicrobial respiration). Fractionation processes of ¹³C must be taken into account when calculating CO₂ partitioning in soil. Both methods—natural ¹³C labeling and root exclusion—showed the same partitioning results when ¹³C isotopic fractionation during microbial respiration was considered and may therefore be used to separate plant‐ and SOM‐derived CO₂ sources.     

稻田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落对氮肥水平的响应

【目的】基于水稻田间定位试验,利用nirS功能基因研究不同氮肥水平对稻田土壤反硝化细菌群落多样性的影响。【方法】运用PCR-DGGE（聚合酶链反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳）结合DNA克隆测序和荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）技术对反硝化细菌nirS基因进行检测,分析田间定位试验第4年不同氮肥水平下稻田nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构和丰度的变化。【结果】依据DGGE图谱计算的群落多样性指数显示,与不施肥对照处理（CK）比较,施用氮肥处理（N1：75 kg N•hm-2,N2：150 kg N•hm-2和N3：225 kg N•hm-2）可促进稻田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落多样性指数提高,尤其在水稻生长的齐穗期和成熟期后者均显著高于前者（P＜0.05）。但群落多样性指数在N1、N2 和N3处理间的差异主要表现在水稻分蘖期和齐穗期的表层土壤中,N3可显著高于N1（P＜0.05）。冗余分析结果显示水稻生育时期对稻田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌群落结构的影响较大,表层和根层土壤的群落结构都与生育时期存在显著相关性（P=0.002,0.002）;而不同氮肥水平对群落结构的显著性影响仅表现在稻田表层土壤中（P=0.002）。荧光定量PCR结果显示氮肥水平提高可促进稻田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌丰度增加,在水稻分蘖期和齐穗期内表层和根层土壤的nirS基因拷贝数均存在CK＜N1＜N2＜N3的趋势,且以齐穗期时在表层土壤中的差异最大,不同处理间的差异都达到显著水平（P＜0.05）。同时,本研究获得稻田反硝化细菌nirS基因片段序列8条登录GenBank（登录号：JX997923、JX997924、JX997926—JX997931）。此外,本试验中N1、N2和N3处理比CK处理分别增产59%、92%和107%,表层和根层土壤中NO3--N含量也随氮肥用量提高而增加。【结论】氮肥用量增加促进了稻田土壤nirS型反硝化细菌丰度及群落多样性指数的提高,尤其在稻田表层土壤中。氮肥水平提高还可改变稻田表层土壤nirS型反硝化细菌的群落结构。综合分析表明稻田表层土壤的nirS型反硝化细菌群落对氮肥水平提高的响应程度更明显。     

营养盐加富和鱼类添加对浮游植物群落演替和多样性的影响

浮游植物是水体生态系统敞水区最重要的初级生产者,其组成与多样性反映了群落的结构类型和存在状态。通过围隔实验,模拟水库春季发生的营养盐加富和鱼类放养的干扰,分析在这两种干扰下的浮游植物群落演替过程中优势种和稀有种的变化,并通过以丰度与生物量为变量的香农和辛普森多样性指数的计算,分析浮游植物群落演替过程中的多样性变化特征。结果表明,营养盐加富干扰下的浮游植物群落的优势种变化和演替更为明显,营养盐加富与鱼类添加对浮游植物群落多样性变化的影响符合中度干扰理论。在优势种优势度变化较大的浮游植物群落演替过程中,多样性指数与浮游植物生物量有较高的负相关性。在浮游植物群落演替过程中,香农和辛普森多样性指数的变化趋势基本一致,采用丰度与生物量为变量的两种多样性指数的计算结果对实验系统中浮游植物群落多样性的分析结果没有明显的影响。