Use of Composting Manure to Improve Plant Iron and Zinc

Abstract

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the influence of three types of decomposing fresh organic materials [pig manure (PM), Astagalus sinicus (AS), and Alternanthera philoxeroides (AP)] on dissolution of Fe₂O₃ and ZnO and also the use of a loamy calcareous soil as an alternative source of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Levels of Fe and Zn concentrations in composting solutions changed with composting time. The maximum levels of solution Fe resulting from the decomposition of the three organic materials were 20, 612, and 348 mg L^?1 for PM, AS, and AP, respectively, when the soil was supplied as the Fe source, and 17, 32, and 16 mg L^?1 when Fe₂O₃ was supplied as the Fe source. Corresponding maximum levels of solution Zn were 0.9, 0.7, and 1.3 mg L^?1 and 35, 171, and 103 mg L^?1 when the soil and ZnO was supplied as the Zn source respectively for the same three organic materials.     

The extractable trace element content of acid soils and the influence of pH,organic matter and clay content

Abstract

The analysis of extractable trace elements was carried out on 434 soils using 0.1 N HC1 as the extractant for copper, manganese, iron, zinc and cobalt, 0.2 M ammonium oxalate at pH 3.0 for molybdenum and boiling water for boron. Results indicated that on the average from about 1 to 20 percent of the total element content of the soil uas extractable, the percentage varying with the element. Comparing the amount of extractable elements in the 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm layers indicated that only manganese, zinc and boron were significantly different.

Correlation studies showed that the pH significantly influenced the quantity of manganese, iron, zinc and boron extracted, while organic matter influenced copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt and boron and clay content the copper, manganese, iron, zinc, cobalt and boron.     

Effects of Long‐Term Irrigation using Industrial Wastewater on Soil Properties and Elemental Contents of Rice,Spinach, Clover,and Grass

Abstract

Application of industrial wastewater on agricultural lands increased the amounts of elements in soil and plants. To investigate the effects of wastewater on soil properties and element content in soil and plants, wastewaters of three industries (chrome chemical, wood and paper, and textiles) were examined in 2005. At harvest time, the soil samples were taken from depths of 0–15 and 15–30 cm, and the roots and shoots of rice, spinach, clover, and grass and grain of rice in an industrial wastewater–treated area and untreated area were sampled. Results indicated that the concentrations of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) increased in river water when wastewater was discharged into it. Use of the river water, influenced by industrial wastewater, for irrigation of rice and other plants increased the amounts of organic matter and available Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in soil. Cation exchange capacity was correlated with available Cu and Fe in soil (+0.431** and +0.499**, respectively). Soil organic matter was correlated with available Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe in soil. However, the clay content in soil did not correlate with these elements. Meanwhile, in roots, shoots, and grains of rice and roots and shoots of spinach, clover, and grasses of agricultural land influenced by industrial wastewater, the amounts of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe increased. Therefore, by increasing the amount of Mn in the soil, the concentration of Zn in rice grain decreased and the concentration of Cu and Mn increased. Transferred Zn concentrations to rice grain and shoots of spinach, clover, and grass were more than Cu and Mn and increased in rice grain.     

Distribution of Zinc Fractions in Some Major Soils of India and the Impact on Nutrition of Rice

Abstract

Speciation study of microelements in soils is useful to assess their retention and release by the soil to the plant. Laboratory and greenhouse investigations were conducted for five soils of different agro‐ecological zones (viz., Bhuna, Delhi, Cooch‐Behar, Gurgaon, and Pabra) with diverse physicochemical properties to study the distribution of zinc (Zn) among the soil fractions with respect to the availability of Zn species for uptake by rice plant. A sequential extraction procedure was used that fractionated total soil Zn into water‐soluble (WS), exchangeable (EX), specifically adsorbed (SA), acid‐soluble (AS), manganese (Mn)‐oxide‐occluded (Mn‐OX), organic‐matter‐occluded (OM), amorphous iron (Fe)‐oxide‐bound (AFe‐OX), crystalline Fe‐oxide‐bound (CFe‐OX), and residual (RES) forms. There was a wide variation in the magnitude of these fractions among the soils. The studies revealed that more than 90% of the total Zn content occurred in the relatively inactive clay lattice and other mineral‐bound form (RES) and that only a small fraction occurred in the forms of WS, EX, OM, AFe‐OX, and CFe‐OX. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differ widely in their sensitivity to Zn deficiency. Results suggested that Zn in water‐soluble, organic complexes, exchange positions, and amorphous sesquioxides were the fractions (pools) that played a key role in the uptake of Zn by the rice varieties (viz., Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1, Pusa‐44, Pusa‐834, Jaya, and Pusa‐677). Isotopic ally exchangeable Zn (labile Zn) was recorded higher in Typic Ustrochrept of Pabra soil, and uptake of Zn by rice cultivars was also higher in this soil. The kinetic parameters such as maximum influx at high concentrations (I_max) and nutrient concentration in solution where influx is one half of I_max (K_m) behaved differentially with respect to varieties. The highest I_max value recorded was 9.2×10^?7 µmol cm^?2 s^?1 at the 5 mg kg^?1 Zn rate for Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1, and the same was lowest for Pusa‐44, being 4.6×10^?7 µmol cm^?2 s^?1 at the 5 mg kg^?1 Zn rate. The K_m value was highest for Pusa‐44 (2.1×10^?4µmol cm^?2 s^?1) and lowest for Pusa‐933‐87‐1‐11‐88‐1‐2‐1 (1.20×10^?4µmol cm^?2 s^?1). The availability of Zn to rice cultivars in Typic Ustrochrepts of Bhuna and Delhi soils, which are characterized by higher activation energy and entropy factor, was accompanied by breakage of bonds or by significant structural changes.     

Zinc Transformation in a Calcareous Soil as Affected by Applied Zinc Sulfate,Vermicompost, and Incubation Time

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc (Zn) rates and vermicompost levels on distribution of Zn forms of a calcareous soil. After incubation periods, soil samples were air dried, and a sequential extraction scheme was used to fractionate Zn into soluble and exchangeable, bound to carbonate, organically bound, bound to manganese (Mn) oxide, bound to amorphous iron (Fe) oxide, bound to crystalline Fe oxide, and residual forms. In untreated soil, Zn was mainly in the residual fraction. Increasing rates of applied Zn significantly increased all forms of Zn. Carbonate and residual forms showed the greatest increase. Application of vermicompost significantly increased all fractions except Mn-oxide form. This increase was more pronounced for organically bound, soluble, and exchangeable forms, indicating an increase in bioavailability of soil Zn. Incubation time significantly decreased soluble, exchangeable, and organically bound forms but increased other forms of Zn, meaning a significant reduction in Zn phytoavailability in soil with time.     

Variability in Response to Zinc Application in 10 High-Yielding Wheat Varieties

A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the effect of zinc (Zn) on biofortification of 10 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties in the Zn-deficient soil of Lucknow. Treatments consisted of 0 and 20 mg Zn kg^?1 as a basal dose and 20 mg Zn kg^?1 basal dose with two foliar sprays of zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) 0.5%. Foliar sprays of Zn were applied twice at the preflowering stage and 7 days after flowering. Results from the present study revealed that poor growth of plants grown in soil without Zn applications (0 mg Zn kg^?1) were improved by applications of Zn (20 mg Zn kg^?1) more when Zn was applied with two foliar sprays. Application of Zn (20 mg Zn kg^?1) with two foliar sprays also proved beneficial for maximizing Zn concentrations of grains and other plant parts. Wheat varieties NW 1076, K 3827, NW 2036, and UP 262 appeared highly responsive to the treatments.     

镁、锌、钼配施对银杏苗叶生物量和药用品质的影响

在温室条件下,采用正交试验设计,研究了叶面喷施镁、锌、钼对银杏苗叶生物量、主要药效成分含量及其单株产量的影响。结果表明:不同的镁锌钼组合对银杏苗叶生物量、总黄酮含量及其单株产量、萜内酯含量及其单株产量均有显著影响。较适宜银杏叶生物量、总黄酮含量、萜内酯含量、单株总黄酮产量、单株萜内酯产量提高的组合分别是Mg4Zn3Mo2、Mg1Zn4Mo2、Mg2Zn4Mo3、Mg4Zn4Mo2、Mg4Zn4Mo2。镁、锌、钼对银杏单株叶生物量、总黄酮含量及其单株产量影响的主次顺序:镁钼锌,对萜内酯含量影响的主次顺序:锌钼镁,对单株萜内酯产量的主次顺序:镁锌钼。叶面喷施镁锌钼肥可相应提高叶中镁、锌、钼含量,而叶面配施锌钼肥对叶中全镁的含量的影响不大,叶面配施镁肥在高水平下促进叶中全锌量积累,叶面配施钼肥在低水平（Mo2）下提高了叶中全锌含量,叶面配施镁锌肥对叶中全钼的含量影响不大。喷施镁肥对总黄酮含量产生了负面影响,但促进了萜内酯含量及其单株产量的提高;锌在高水平下对总黄酮和萜内酯含量有促进作用,低浓度下作用不大或有负面影响;钼在中低水平下对总黄酮和萜内酯含量有促进作用,高浓度下作用不大或有负面影响。     

Zn对Zn超积累植物遏蓝菜(Thlaspi caerulescens L.)超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响

Zn超积累植物遏蓝菜(Thlaspi caerulescens L.)是一种珍贵的植物资源,对其体内酶活性的变化目前研究很少。采用Zn处理浓度为0、50、500、1 000 mg.kg-1的土壤培养试验和Zn处理浓度为0、50、500、1 000μmol.L-1的营养液培养试验,研究了Zn超积累植物遏蓝菜的两个生态型Prayon和Ganges地上部对Zn的积累特点及其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果表明:土壤培养和营养液培养条件下,随着Zn处理浓度的增加,Prayon和Ganges地上部Zn含量显著增加。其中,在土壤培养条件下,Prayon和Ganges地上部Zn含量最高分别达到4 584 mg.kg-1 DW和5 702 mg.kg-1 DW。在营养液培养条件下,Prayon和Ganges地上部Zn含量最高分别达到12 287 mg.kg-1 DW和15 966 mg.kg-1 DW。随着Zn处理浓度的增加,两个生态型叶片SOD活性显著增加。土壤培养条件下,Prayon和Ganges叶片SOD活性的变化分别是:从23.1 units.g-1 FW增加到51.2 units.g-1 FW和从23.2 units.g-1 FW增加到61.3units.g-1 FW。营养液培养条件下,Prayon和Ganges地上部SOD活性的变化分别是:从19.8 units.g-1 FW增加到44.6 units.g-1 FW和从62.4 units.g-1 FW增加到85.0 units.g-1 FW。相关分析发现两个生态型地上部Zn浓度与SOD活性极显著高度正相关。说明SOD活性的提高是Thlaspi caerulescen超积累Zn的内在机制之一。     

河西绿洲茄子铁、锰、锌肥配施量化管理指标研究

采用3因素2次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究了铁、锰、锌肥配施对茄子生长的影响,得到茄子产量对3因素的回归数学模型。结果表明:3因素影响茄子产量的顺序为施锰量施铁量施锌量。各因素间存在交互作用,铁与锰、铁与锌、锰和锌在低于0.525和1.268、0.525和0.416、1.268和0.416施肥水平时对产量存在正相关关系,在分别高于以上水平时又会呈负相关关系。经过计算机模拟,得到茄子最高产量达34.62 t/hm2时,相对应的铁、锰、锌肥用量分别为47.85、35.85、6.15 kg/hm2。对试验结果进行的验证表明,构建的模型准确可靠。