艾维因肉鸡实验性锌缺乏症的病理学观察

1日龄艾维因内鸡健雏100只，随机分为2组，分别喂以正常对照（日粮锌100mg／kg）和锌缺乏（日粮锌23．6mg／kg）日粮7周，进行系统的病理学观察。缺锌鸡出现生长迟缓、羽毛发育不良等临床症状。组织学观察，胸腺、腔上囊和庳脏淋巴细胞数量减少、变性、坏死。电镜观察，胸腺、腔上囊和脾脏的淋巴细胞核溶解、固缩，线粒俸肿胀，嵴断裂、溶解，粗面内质网扩张。血液病理学变化，主要是血清碱性磷酸酶活性下降，血清胰岛素、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、球白比和锌含量显著降低。     

饲料中添加铁、铜、锰和锌对异育银鲫生理机能的影响

为研究铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)4种微量元素对鲫鱼生理机能的影响,试验采用正交设计L9(34),添加Fe、Cu、Mn和Zn4种微量元素,配制9种试验饲料饲喂异育银鲫当年鱼种,进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明,在4种微量元素中,Zn对血清溶菌酶、黏液溶菌酶、肝胰总SOD酶(T-SOD)和血红蛋白的影响最大,Mn对血清T-SOD酶、黏液T-SOD酶、肝胰CuZnSOD酶和肝胰谷丙转氨酶(GPT)的影响最大,Cu对血清CuZnSOD酶的影响最大,而Fe对血清谷丙转氨酶影响最大。     

牧草在重金属污染蚓粪基质中生长状况及对Cu·Zn吸收的研究

[目的]为将蚓粪应用于牧草栽培,研究牧草对蚓粪中Cu、Zn的吸收能力提供理论依据。[方法]采用盆栽试验研究不同牧草品种在Cu、Zn污染蚓粪基质中的生长及重金属吸收情况。采用原子吸收分光光度法测定植株中的Cu、Zn含量,用Statistic6.0统计软件包处理数据,进行方差分析、线性回归和相关性分析。[结果]墨西哥玉米的生物量和Cu、Zn总积累量最大。欧洲菊苣地上部分的Cu、Zn含量相对较高。紫花苜蓿南方型地上部分的Cu吸收率和欧洲菊苣地上部分的Zn吸收率最大。[结论]在试验条件下,串叶松香草、高丹草、冬牧70黑麦、墨西哥玉米能够较好生长并收获相对较高的生物量。各牧草品种对Cu、Zn污染蚓粪具有一定的耐性和对Cu、Zn具有较强的吸收能力。     

硼锌钼对烟叶生长发育和产量产值的影响

在平顶山叶县布置田间小区试验,采用基施和喷施相结合、单施和复施结合的方法,研究了硼锌钼及其配合施用对烟叶生长发育指标和产量产值的影响。结果表明,喷施Zn肥或硼锌钼肥配合基施对促进烟株的生长发育效果明显,Mo肥基施和Zn肥喷施处理在提高烟叶上中等比例方面效果明显,而B肥基施、硼锌钼肥混合基施或Zn肥喷施处理均有利于烟叶产量和产值提高。     

硒、锌和富啡酸配施对不同质地潮土紫花苜蓿产量及鲜干比的影响

采用池栽方式,以砂土、壤土、黏土三种质地潮土为主处理,以仅施氮磷钾(即对照,NPK),氮磷钾+富啡酸(NPK+FA),氮磷钾+复合微肥(锌和硒)(NPK+Zn+Se),氮磷钾+富啡酸+复合微肥(锌和硒)(NPK+FA+Zn+Se)等4个施肥处理为副处理的裂区试验,研究不同质地条件下施肥对紫花苜蓿鲜草产量及鲜干比的影响。结果表明三种质地条件下紫花苜蓿鲜草产量表现为:壤土黏土砂土,且均随茬次增加逐渐降低,以砂土条件下降幅最大。三种质地条件下,适量富啡酸均显著促进了苜蓿鲜重的增加,且均以富啡酸与硒、锌微肥配施效果最好。各茬均以砂土条件下苜蓿鲜干比最低,但各处理间差异不显著。     

3种作物对添加外源性Cu、Zn的土壤中Cu、Zn的富集与转运

以Cu、Zn为研究对象,分别在土壤中添加猪粪10 g·kg-1、猪粪10 g·kg-1+Cu 63 mg·kg-1+Zn 54 mg·kg-1、猪粪10 g·kg-1+Cu126 mg·kg-1+Zn 108 mg·kg-1,同时设置不添加猪粪和外源性Cu、Zn的对照处理组,通过盆栽试验研究了施用猪粪和外源性Cu、Zn后土壤中Cu、Zn在大蒜、白菜和玉米体内的富集和转运特征。结果表明,只添加猪粪能显著提高作物生物量,而添加猪粪+高剂量的Cu+Zn可抑制作物生长。其中不同作物的抑制强度表现为白菜大蒜玉米,同种作物的抑制强度表现为根部茎叶部。3种作物对Zn的积累显著高于Cu,其中大蒜对Cu的累积主要分布在茎叶部,对Zn的积累主要分布在根部,而白菜和玉米对Cu的积累主要分布在根部,对Zn的积累主要分布在茎叶部。在添加猪粪+Cu+Zn处理的3种作物中,Cu浓度均低于国家的食品限量卫生标准,而白菜和玉米中Zn浓度均高于国家的食品限量卫生标准,在添加猪粪+低剂量的Cu、Zn处理的大蒜中,Zn浓度低于国家食品的限量卫生标准。土壤中Cu、Zn全量和有效态含量与大蒜、白菜和玉米的茎叶和根部Cu、Zn含量具有显著的相关性(P0.01),因此,可用土壤中Cu、Zn全量或有效态含量表征植物各部分吸收Cu、Zn的效果。3种作物对Zn的富集系数和转运系数均大于Cu。其中对Cu的富集系数表现为大蒜白菜玉米,对Zn的富集系数表现为白菜玉米大蒜。3种作物只添加猪粪处理对Cu、Zn的富集系数均略有上升,而添加猪粪+Cu+Zn处理的富集系数随Cu、Zn添加浓度的提高而下降,白菜和玉米对Cu、Zn的转运系数均下降,大蒜对Cu的转运系数上升,对Zn的转运系数下降。添加猪粪和高剂量外源性Cu、Zn可显著抑制作物生长,作物对Cu的积累显著低于Zn,对Zn的富集系数和转运系数均大于Cu;作物各部分对Cu、Zn的吸收效果可用土壤中Cu、Zn全量或有效态含量来表征。     

Zn胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长、生理生化及Zn吸收的影响

采用营养液培养法，研究了不同Zn浓度(0，0.25，0.50，1.00，2.00 mmol/L)对黑麦草幼苗生长、过氧化物酶活性、脯氨酸、根系活力及Zn吸收的影响。结果表明，低锌胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长无抑制，过度锌胁迫(Zn≥2 mmol/L)将降低黑麦草地上部干质量。幼苗叶内游离脯氨酸含量随锌胁迫时间、锌浓度增加而增加。随Zn胁迫时间增加幼苗POD活性先降后升、根系活力先升后降，锌处理的植株地上部POD活性随锌浓度增加先降低，然后增加，而根系活力随锌浓度增加而增加。黑麦草幼苗地上部和根系Zn含量随Zn浓度的增加而增加，当Zn浓度为2.00 mmol/L时，地上部Zn含量最大值为775.0 mg/kg。     

Microbiological rates and enzyme activities as indicators of functionality in soils affected by the Aznalcóllar toxic spill

This study focused on the potential of using soil enzyme activities and general microbiological rates (respiration, N-mineralisation, nitrification) to evaluate the quality of soils affected by a pyrite mud spill which contained high concentrations of heavy metals. The quality of soils after restoration was estimated by comparing enzyme activities and general microbiological rates in three different types of experimental field plots: (i) non-polluted, (ii) polluted but restored, and (iii) polluted but un-restored soils. Non-polluted soils showed the highest levels of enzyme activity. Significant differences were detected for acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and urease activities between all types of plots. However, arylsulfatase and alkaline phosphatase activities showed no significant differences between the restored plots and polluted but un-restored plots. Geometric mean statistics were used as an index of soil quality in terms of overall: (i) bioavailable heavy metal concentrations, (ii) assayed enzyme activities, and (iii) general microbiological rates, in order to compare plots differing in the degree of pyritic mud pollution. The results indicate that it is important to consider these three criteria in to estimate the soil quality of heavy-metal contaminated soils. Typically, enzyme activities were negatively correlated with bioavailable Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations, but positively with soil pH values. In contrast, pH values were negatively correlated with bioavailable concentrations of Cd, Cu and Zn. It is unclear if the generalised lower enzyme activities found in restored soils, compared to non-polluted soils, is promoted by pH or bioavailable heavy metals concentrations, or a combination of both.     

Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and zinc application on dry matter and zinc uptake of greengram (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Summary In a greenhouse study we examined the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) inoculation, using Glomus macrocarpum and of Zn application on dry matter production and Zn uptake by greengram in two mollisols. The VAM inoculation significantly increased the dry weight of different plant parts and the Zn uptake in both soils. Inoculated plants showed a greater response to the application of Zn at 2.5 and 5.0 mg kg^-1 soil in a Zn deficient clay loam soil. The inoculated plants also absorbed — more water than the uninoculated plants. Mass flow and diffusion were the principal processes by which Zn reached the plant roots; mass flow was particularly important in the absence of VAM in a sandy soil fertilized with higher Zn doses (5 and 10 mg kg^-1 soil). The greater supply of Zn to inoculated roots was attributed to an apparent diffusion process rather than to mass flow of Zn.