硒肥和锌肥对水稻产量及糙米矿质营养的影响

350019福建省福州市仓山区城门镇黄山村,福建省农业科学院水稻所     

Crops and Pasture Rotations at Coonalpyn, South Australia: Effects on Nutrients in Wheat and Barley

A crop rotation experiment was conducted at Coonalpyn, South Australia from 1976–1979 on a deep red duplex soil. The experiment studied the effects of grain legumes, pasture or cereal in the previous season on the yield and nutrient content of wheat and barley. Yields, disease assessments, soil nitrogen and water conditions were reported previously. Cereals following grain legumes generally absorbed more of all the nutrients studied, N, P, K, S, Cu, Zn, Mn, than did cereals after pasture; cereal following cereal was generally intermediate. Effects on barley were similar to those on wheat except that wheat took up much more Cu and Mn. Uptake of all nutrients was increased by rainfall, which was greatest in 1979 and least in 1977, but concentrations were often decreased by rainfall. The effects on nutrient concentrations were variable and smaller than on uptake, except for N, Cu and Mn which were much enhanced by grain legumes as the previous crop. Concentrations of trace elements were generally low, being lowest for Cu in 1977, for Zn in 1978 and for Mn in 1979, particularly in barley. Uptake was lowest in 1977, the driest year, especially for Cu. An attempt was made to relate the seasonal effects on levels of trace elements to the pattern of disease incidence.     

草场绵羊放牧系统锌的季节变化及盈缺分析

对青海省三角城种羊场夏(6月中旬)、秋(9月中旬)、冬(12月中旬)三季的水、土壤、牧草、绵羊被毛、血液、组织器官及粪、尿中锌含量进行调查分析,结果表明:土壤中锌含量正常;绵羊采食牧草中锌含量为夏季>秋季>冬季;三季采食牧草平均值中锌处于临界缺乏状态;绵羊被毛中锌低于正常范围的下限;从三季绵羊血液、肝脏的统计分析结果看出,锌处于临界缺乏;从土壤-牧草-畜体生态系统看,青海三角城种羊场绵羊处于低锌营养状况。     

纤维素对肉仔鸡锌利用的影响

本试验以肉仔鸡为试验对象,采用玉米淀粉——蛋清粉型纯合饲粮,用~(65)Zn示踪技术研究了纤维素对雏鸡组织锌沉积的影响。引入~(65)Zn24小时后,纤维素对排泄物及血锌有显著影响。引入~(65)Zn48小时的测定结果表明,纤维素影响~(65)Zn在肝脏、肾脏、胰脏及胫骨中的沉积量。采用Weigand等人(1978)的方法,用~(65)Zn示踪研究了肉仔鸡内源锌的排出量及对锌的真利用率的影响。结果表明,饲粮中的纤维素显著影响肉仔鸡对锌的真利用率。添加6%的纤维素使肉仔鸡对锌的利用率显著降低。     

磷、锌、硼、钴对苜蓿肥效与施用技术研究

经二年在庆阳黄土高原试验进行磷、锌、硼、钴作苜蓿基肥和苜蓿种子丸衣化田间试验。结果证明锌、硼用于苜蓿种子丸衣对苜蓿有显著增产效果,但锌与硼配合会互抑制降低肥效,其它处理对苜蓿投有显著增产效果。     

锌对模拟碱地栽培水稻幼苗的影响

模拟黑龙江省安达1‰NaHCO_3的土壤中大量元素成分与含量,用9种无机盐配成水培配方。用锌肥处理此配方栽培水稻幼苗,分析叶片含水量、干物质含量、Na~+和Zn~(++)离子以及遗传物质 DNA,RNA 和蛋白质含量与锌肥浓度的关系。结果证明,2.0 ppm 硫酸锌对幼苗生长有明显正效应。     

艾维因肉鸡实验性锌缺乏症的病理学观察

1日龄艾维因内鸡健雏100只，随机分为2组，分别喂以正常对照（日粮锌100mg／kg）和锌缺乏（日粮锌23．6mg／kg）日粮7周，进行系统的病理学观察。缺锌鸡出现生长迟缓、羽毛发育不良等临床症状。组织学观察，胸腺、腔上囊和庳脏淋巴细胞数量减少、变性、坏死。电镜观察，胸腺、腔上囊和脾脏的淋巴细胞核溶解、固缩，线粒俸肿胀，嵴断裂、溶解，粗面内质网扩张。血液病理学变化，主要是血清碱性磷酸酶活性下降，血清胰岛素、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、球白比和锌含量显著降低。     

The genetic architecture of zinc and iron content in maize grains as revealed by QTL mapping and meta-analysis

Micronutrient malnutrition, especially zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiency in diets, has aroused worldwide attention. Biofortification of food crops has been considered as a promising approach for alleviating this deficiency. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed to dissect the genetic mechanism of Zn and Fe content in maize grains using a total of 218 F_2:3 families derived from a cross between inbred lines 178 and P53. Meta-analysis was used to integrate genetic maps and detect Meta-QTL (MQTL) across several independent QTL researches for traits related to Zn or Fe content. Five significant QTLs and 10 MQTLs were detected. Two informative genomic regions, bins 2.07 and 2.08, showed a great importance for Zn and Fe content QTLs. The correlation between Zn and Fe level in maize grains was proposed by MQTLs as 8 of the 10 involved both traits. The results of this study suggest that QTL mapping and meta-analysis is an effective approach to understand the genetic basis of Zn and Fe accumulation in maize grains.     

Cu2+和Zn2+胁迫对玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

研究在Cu2+和Zn2+的胁迫下,玉米幼苗一些生理指标的变化,结果表明:在Cu2+和Zn2+的胁迫下,玉米幼苗生长发育受到抑制,较高浓度的Cu2+和Zn2+显示较高的毒性.在Cu2+和Zn2+的处理下,玉米幼苗的叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、过氧化物酶(POD)、脯氨酸的含量下降,叶片中铜、锌、丙二醛(MDA)的含量增加.同时,Cu2+和Zn2+浓度的高低对玉米的生理特性的影响不同,且玉米幼苗对Cu2+的胁迫更为敏感.     

施锌方法对小麦籽粒不同脱皮组分中锌与植酸及蛋白质分布的影响

【目的】探讨施Zn方式对小麦籽粒不同脱皮层次中Zn、植酸及蛋白质含量的影响,为通过农艺措施提高小麦全粒尤其是可食部分(胚乳)Zn含量及其生物有效性提供理论依据。【方法】以陕715(Zn高效基因型)和西农889(Zn低效基因型)为供试材料,设置不施锌肥(对照)、土施锌肥(15 kg/hm2)、喷施锌肥(质量浓度为3 g/L,总量为1.5 kg/hm2)、土施+喷施锌肥4个处理,采用裂区设计进行田间试验,并利用JNMJ3型碾米机对小麦籽粒进行脱皮分层(从外向内依次为P1、P2、P3、P4、P5、P6,其中P1~P5主要为麸皮部分,P6主要为胚乳部分),分析了小麦籽粒各层中Zn、植酸和蛋白质含量。【结果】在2个喷施Zn肥(土施+喷施、喷施)处理下,P1~P5和P6层的Zn含量均显著增加,P1~P5中Zn平均分别增加53.4%,43.2%,P6层中分别增加61.1%,52.7%,而单纯土施Zn肥效果不明显。Zn、植酸在小麦籽粒P2层含量最高,蛋白质则在P3层含量最高,3种组分含量随着脱皮进程的增加从外层到内层呈现递减趋势;3种施Zn方式对P1~P5植酸含量影响不显著,但增加了P6层植酸含量;同时降低了籽粒各层蛋白质含量。土施+喷施和喷施Zn肥处理均能显著降低P1~P5和P6层中植酸与Zn的物质的量([植酸]/[Zn2+]),土施Zn肥处理则不能。【结论】Zn、植酸和蛋白质在小麦籽粒中分布不均匀,在籽粒外层含量均很高,尤其是糊粉层,胚乳中最少,且这种分布规律基本不受施Zn方式和小麦品种的影响。喷施Zn肥是提高潜在性缺Zn土壤上小麦全粒Zn尤其是胚乳部分Zn含量和生物有效性较为经济的方式,对缓减人体Zn缺乏有重要意义。