吸附动力学及其机制分析

以竹炭粉和壳聚糖为原料，制备竹炭/壳聚糖复合吸附剂，进行扫描电镜（吸收光谱SEM）、红外吸收（FTIR）、X-射线衍射（XRD）等图谱表征，并进行Zn²⁺吸附试验。结果表明：①壳聚糖较好地负载在竹炭上，凸凹不平明显，蜂窝增强；复合吸附剂对Zn²⁺的吸附率在80 min后达到93%。②竹炭/壳聚糖复合吸附剂对Zn²⁺吸附过程的动力学表明，吸附过程符合多孔结构的吸附特征，方程拟合结果更符合二级动力学模型。③Zn²⁺吸附前后的红外吸收图谱表明，与竹炭/壳聚糖复合吸附剂吸附配位主要发生在—NH2中的氮原子、—OH和C＝O中氧原子上。图9参11     

Relative bioavailability of tribasic zinc sulfate for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet

An experiment was carried out to investigate the relative bioavailability of tribasic zinc(Zn) sulfate relative to Zn sulfate for broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet. A total of 504 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial male chicks were randomly assigned by body weight of birds to one of seven treatments involving a 2×3 factorial arrangement with three levels of added Zn(30, 60, or 90 mg of Zn kg–1) and two Zn sources(tribasic Zn sulfate and Zn sulfate) plus a control with no added Zn for an experimental phase of 14 d. Plasma Zn, tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, and pancreas metallothionein(MT) messenger RNA(m RNA) were analyzed at 6 or 14 d of age post-hatching. The results showed that plasma Zn, tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, and pancreas MT m RNA increased linearly(P0.002) as dietary Zn concentration increased at 6 or 14 d of age. The R2 for a linear model was greater on d 6 than on d 14 for the above 4 responsive criteria, and among these indices, the fitting of the tibia ash Zn concentration was the best(R2=0.99). Therefore, based on slope ratios from the multiple linear regressions of the above 4 indices of the birds at 6 d of age on daily intake of dietary Zn, the bioavailabilities of tribasic Zn sulfate relative to Zn sulfate(100%) were 95.6%(P=0.18), 83.5%(P=0.01), 87.9%(P=0.53), and 75.9%(P=0.38) for the tibia ash Zn, pancreas Zn, plasma Zn, and pancreas MT m RNA, respectively. The results indicated that generally, Zn from tribasic Zn sulfate was as available as Zn from Zn sulfate for broilers.     

不同基因型旱稻早期锌吸收与利用差异研究

为了研究不同基因型旱稻早期对锌的吸收、利用差异,以‘巴西陆稻’（籽粒低锌）与‘秦爱-3’（籽粒富锌）为材料,在低、中、高(0μmol/L,0.5μmol/L,100μmol/L)不同供锌水平下,对基因型间最大分蘖期植株锌吸收、分布以及锌的利用效率的差异进行了比较分析。结果表明,两基因型根部和地上部干重随着供锌水平增加均呈先增加后降低趋势;植株锌吸收量随着供锌水平升高而增加,而锌利用效率却呈先增加后降低趋势,在低、中供锌水平下,‘秦爱-3’锌吸收量和锌利用效率均高于‘巴西陆稻’,其中锌利用效率差异达到显著水平(P≤0.05);无论中锌还是高锌水平下,‘秦爱-3’锌相对吸收量均高于‘巴西陆稻’,虽然差异未达到显著。因此与籽粒低锌基因型‘巴西陆稻’相比,籽粒富锌基因型‘秦爱-3’在低、中锌水平下具有较强的锌吸收能力以及较高的锌利用效率。     

Effect of dietary zinc level on growth,enzyme activity and body trace elements of hybrid tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus,fed soya bean meal‐based diets

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the dietary zinc (Zn) requirement of hybrid tilapia fed on a diet with soya bean meal as the sole protein source. The quantity of phytic acid in the experimental diet was 15.5 g kg^?1. Juvenile hybrid tilapia were fed on diets containing 31–227 mg Zn kg^?1 in triplicates for 6 weeks. Haematology of the fish was not affected by various dietary Zn levels. Fish fed on a diet containing 31 mg kg^?1 endogenous Zn showed the lowest growth rates, feed utilization, and body and plasma Zn levels. Weight gain (WG), plasma Zn level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased when a higher quantity of dietary Zn of 127 mg kg^?1 was administered to the experimental fish. Beyond this level, the values of these parameters were relatively stable. On the other hand, within the dietary Zn range tested, whole‐body Zn and ash increased with higher dietary Zn levels. Analysis using a broken‐line model showed that the dietary Zn requirements of hybrid tilapia fed on soya bean meal‐based diets containing 15.5 g kg^?1 endogenous phytic acid were 115, 115 and 105 mg kg^?1 based on WG, whole‐body Zn retention and plasma Zn level, respectively.     

猪粪-秸秆还田对土壤、作物重金属铜锌积累及环境容量影响研究

为评价畜禽养殖废弃物和种植业废弃物还田对土壤、作物安全性的影响,通过水稻-小麦轮作田间试验,设置不同猪粪-秸秆还田处理,研究土壤、作物重金属Cu、Zn的含量变化,开展污染评价和农田土壤重金属静态环境容量及猪粪最高施用量研究,以期为养殖业与种植业废弃物的农田利用和农业安全生产提供合理建议。结果表明:在猪粪-秸秆还田下,稻麦两季表层土壤重金属Cu、Zn含量略有升高,但处理间的差异性不显著(P0.05),且均在土壤环境质量一级标准范围内,土壤地累积指数Igeo均小于0;稻麦籽粒重金属Cu、Zn含量均在食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量之内,单因子污染指数PI均小于1。因此,猪粪-秸秆还田对土壤、作物的Cu、Zn污染影响不显著。稻麦轮作后,土壤Cu、Zn静态环境容量均降低,最小静态环境容量分别为11.32、135.06 kg·hm-2。综合考虑土壤铜锌的污染安全问题,在稻麦轮作后建议猪粪还田的最高施用量为1 028.77 t·hm-2。     

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Fertility and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under the System of Rice Intensification in the Indian Subtropics

Field experiments were conducted at Water Management Research Station, Begopara, Nadia, WB, India, during the rabi seasons of 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 to find out the integrated effect of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), farmyard manure (FYM) and zinc (Zn) under the system of rice intensification (SRI) techniques using eight treatments on the fertility changes in soil. The results revealed that the amounts of organic carbon and available N content in soil were found to maintain the highest fertility status with the highest yield in T₆ (NPK + FYM 10 tha^?1 + Zn 5 kgha^?1) and gave the highest N uptake (55.98 kgha^?1). The availability of P decreased with the increased level of Zn application and gave the highest P uptake (23.52 kgha^?1) in the treatment T₅ (NPK + FYM 10 tha^?1). The highest Zn content (4.71 mgkg^?1) was recorded in the treatment T₇ (NPK + FYM 10 tha^?1+ Zn 10 kgha^?1).     

低锌旱地土壤水分对小麦产量和锌利用的影响

【目的】西北旱地土壤有机质含量低,pH和碳酸钙含量高,导致土壤有效锌含量低,加之水分缺乏,不仅制约冬小麦生长和产量,还严重影响小麦锌的吸收利用。本研究选取西北旱地典型缺锌区,在土施锌肥的基础上,设置了2年的补充灌水田间试验,进一步研究水分对土壤锌有效性、 小麦生长、 产量以及锌和相关元素吸收利用的影响。【方法】田间试验于2010~2012年在陕西永寿县进行,采用裂区设计,锌肥为主处理,在不施锌与施锌(ZnSO4·7H2O)50 kg/hm2的基础上,设置在冬小麦关键生长期补充和不补充灌水2个副处理。在成熟期采集植株样品,测定了小麦产量、 生物量,各器官部位的锌及氮、 磷、 钾、 铁的含量; 采集0—40 cm土层土壤,测定了土壤有效性锌含量。【结果】在返青期、 孕穗期补灌20~30 mm水分对小麦产量、 土壤有效锌含量无显著影响,却有提高小麦各部位锌含量、 锌肥利用率的趋势,不施锌和施锌条件下,灌水比不灌水处理小麦籽粒锌含量分别提高3.8%~16.3%、 3.8%~13.1%,灌水使锌肥利用率提高21.2%~177.8%。灌水量和灌水时期的不同也影响锌在小麦各器官部位的分配与累积,第一季施锌和不施锌条件下,灌水比不灌水处理锌收获指数分别降低5.1%和2.0%,而第二季锌收获指数分别提高2.1%和2.7%。两季灌水对小麦籽粒中铁及大量元素氮磷钾含量的影响亦各不相同。【结论】在旱地缺锌土壤上,小麦生长关键期灌水对小麦产量、 土壤有效锌含量无显著影响,却有提高小麦各部分锌含量、 锌肥利用率的趋势,说明水肥结合对旱地石灰性土壤锌和锌肥有效性的影响应引起进一步重视,这对提高旱地缺锌地区作物和人体锌营养水平具有潜在意义。     

锌肥品种与施用方法对水稻产量和锌含量的影响

【目的】 鉴于在缺锌土壤上施用锌肥不仅可提高水稻产量,而且也能显著提高水稻籽粒锌含量,本研究旨在揭示不同品种锌肥和施用方法在提高水稻产量和籽粒锌含量方面的差异。 【方法】 以水稻品种‘镇稻 11 号’为供试材料,于 2011 年 5 月至 2012 年 11 月在大田条件下设置 4 组试验:试验 1,富锌稻种的生产制备与籽粒锌含量的染色鉴定试验,设水稻常规种植(CK)和生育期连续喷施 5 次硫酸锌(ZnSO₄·7H₂O,Zn) 2 个处理;试验 2,不同品种锌肥土壤施用试验,设不施锌肥对照(S1)、土施 ZnSO₄·7H₂O (S2)、土施氮锌复合肥(Urea-Zn,S3)、土施磷锌复合肥(Mosaic-Zn,S4)、土施钾锌复合肥(Kali-Zn,S5)、富锌种苗移栽(S6)和 ZnSO₄·7H₂O 蘸秧根移栽(S7) 7 个处理;试验 3,不同品种锌肥叶面喷施试验,设不施锌肥对照(F1)、孕穗期喷施 ZnSO₄·7H₂O (F2)、开花期喷施 ZnSO₄·7H₂O (F3)、孕穗期和开花期各喷施 ZnSO₄·7H₂O (F4)、开花期与农药一起喷施 ZnSO₄·7H₂O (F5)、开花期喷施 Kali-EPSO-Zn(F6)和开花期喷施 ADOB-IDHA-Zn(F7) 7 个处理;试验 4,富锌稻种育苗种植比较试验,设常规稻种(CK-grain)和富锌稻种(Zn-grain)育苗种植 2 个处理,研究其对水稻产量及构成、各器官(叶片、茎秆和籽粒)锌含量和累积分配的影响。 【结果】 1) 在水稻生育期进行叶面高浓度和高强度的喷锌方式可制备富锌稻种,且可采用双硫腙(DTZ)染色直观鉴定籽粒锌含量。2) 施用锌肥显著提高水稻产量和锌含量,且不同锌肥品种和施用方法间差异显著。3) 土壤施锌各处理平均增产效果显著高于叶面喷锌 5.2%;与土壤施锌处理相比,叶面喷锌各处理的叶片、茎秆和籽粒锌含量的平均值则分别显著提高 224.6%、78.5% 和 12.1%。4) 在土壤施锌条件下,不同锌肥品种中氮锌复合肥 (S3) 和钾锌复合肥 (S5) 的增产效果显著高于磷锌复合肥 (S4),而在叶面喷锌条件下,以 Kali-EPSO-Zn 处理 (F6) 提高水稻各器官锌含量的能力显著高于 ADOB-IDHA-Zn 处理 (F7) 和 ZnSO₄·7H₂O 处理 (F3)。5) 较常规稻种 (CK-grain),应用富锌稻种 (Zn-grain) 育苗种植的水稻产量和籽粒锌含量分别提高 4.6% 和 3.9%。 【结论】 结合锌肥土施增加水稻产量和喷施增加籽粒锌含量的田间应用效果,因地制宜地综合采用土施氮锌复合肥和喷施钾锌复合肥的配合施肥方法以及选用富锌稻种育苗种植,可协同实现最佳的锌肥利用效率、最大程度地稳产增产和提高稻米的锌营养品质。      

根外追施硼锌复合微肥对油菜品质和产量的影响

采用花期根外追施微肥的方法,研究了B、Zn配合施用对苏油4号品质和产量的影响。结果表明,根外追施B、Zn复合微肥可显著提高油菜籽的含油率和饼粕的蛋白质含量（分别增加2.27%和2.42%）,增加油菜亚油酸含量和籽粒、油脂、蛋白质产量（分别增加4.75%、7.02%、9.45%、9.61%）及单株角果数、每角粒数、千粒重,降低油菜芥酸含量（降低18.88%）。     

原生态丹寨硒米中Zn·Cr含量及其生理功能研究

利用微波消解火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS法）测定产地为黔东南林区丹寨县的原生态硒米中微量元素Zn、Cr的含量,并讨论这2种元素在人体内的生理功能。