东南景天提取污染土壤中锌的潜力研究

通过盆栽实验研究了两种生态型东南景天提取污染土壤中锌的能力,结果表明,超积累生态型东南景天具有很强的忍耐土壤中高浓度锌、铅和镉的能力,并能从土壤中吸收和转移大量锌到地上部,超积累生态型东南景天地上部的Zn含量为7062～9558mg／kg,非超积累生态型为256～407mg／kg,超积累生态型东南景天地上部的Zn总积累是非超积累生态型的4l～62倍。矿山土壤添加稻草后,促进了超积累生态型东南景天的生长,地上部生物量显著提高,且锌含量也明显增加。种植超积累生态型东南景天后土壤乙酸铵提取态锌有上升趋势,和种植前比较,在矿山土壤和污染土壤上分别增加了4．3％和9．4％,种植超积累生态型东南景天后土壤交换态锌和有机结合态锌明显增加,残渣态锌减少,而对非生态型,种植前后土壤中锌的化学形态没有什么变化。添加菜籽饼和稻草对两种土壤中Zn的化学形态转化均没有显著性影响,其原因有待进一步研究。这些研究结果表明,超积累生态型东南景天具有较强的修复锌污染土壤的潜力。     

Beneficial effects of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on establishment of leguminous trees on Pb/Zn mine tailings

Planting trees to stabilize metalliferous mine tailings is a widely used form of land reclamation although substantial soil amendment is invariably required, both to improve the physico-chemical status of the tailings and to ameliorate toxicity prior to planting. Here, we report a glasshouse study of the combined effects of burrowing earthworms (Pheretima guillelmi) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus spp., AMF) on establishment of a naturally invasive, woody, nitrogen-fixing legume, Leucaena leucocephala, on topsoil-amended Pb/Zn mine tailings. AMF provided the most effective preliminary inoculant, improving N, P and K uptake, but earthworms had more influence improving N nutrition. In most cases, the combined effects of AMF and earthworms were additive and proved to be beneficial to plant growth, plant nutrition and for protection against uptake of toxic metals. AMF influenced metal uptake more than earthworms, but together they reduced mobility of Pb and Zn in soil by as much as 25%. Some minor but significant negative interactions were also evident; for example, earthworms enhanced soil microbial activity but inhibited the beneficial effects of AMF on N₂-fixation. We argue that increased attention to ecological interactions in soil could reduce costs and improve the efficacy of restoring a vegetation cover to land impacted by contaminated spoils.     

粮食作物锌的吸收运转分配和改善子粒锌含量的理论与技术途径

基于前人取得的主要成果，系统分析了从土壤锌有效性到锌在子粒部位的积累主要过程及其控制点，从三方面：1）植株对锌的吸收过程；2）锌在地上部各营养器官间的运转分配过程；3）锌从营养器官向子粒部位的运转过程，总结并提出今后应利用作物锌高效性的种质资源特点，通过传统育种与生物技术方法选育出锌高效积累型品种和合理配套的栽培技术等农艺措施，提高作物子粒锌的含量。     

Use of the BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure for the study of the partitioning of Cd, Pb and Zn in various soil samples

A slightly modified three-step sequential extraction procedure proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) for analysis of sediments was successfully applied to soil samples. Contaminated soil samples from the lead and zinc mining area in the Mezica valley (Slovenia) and natural soils from a non-industrial area were analysed. The total concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn and their concentrations in fractions after extraction were determined by flame or electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS, ETAAS). Total metal concentrations in natural soils ranged from 0.3 to 2.6 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 20 to 45 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 70 to 140 mg kg^-1 for Zn, while these concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 35 mg kg^-1 for Cd, from 200 to 10000 mg kg^-1 for Pb and from 140 to 1500 mg kg^-1 for Zn in soils from contaminated areas. The results of the partitioning study applying the slightly modified BCR three-step extraction procedure indicate that Cd, Pb and Zn in natural soils prevails mostly in sparingly soluble fractions. Cd in natural soils is bound mainly to Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides, Pb to organic matter, sulphides and silicates, while Zn is predominantly bound to silicates. In contaminated soils, Cd, Pb and Zn are distributed between the easily and sparingly soluble fractions. Due to the high total Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in contaminated soil close to the smelter, ! and their high proportions in the easily soluble fraction (80% of Cd, 50% of Pb and 70% of Zn), the soil around smelters represents an environmental hazard.     

畜禽粪肥对土壤有效铜锌铁锰含量的影响

采用室内培养和DTPA浸提法研究了鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等有机肥料对土壤有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量的影响。结果表明,在供试条件下施用鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪均可使土壤中有效Cu、Mn含量增加,但有效Zn含量降低;施用鸡粪可使土壤有效Fe含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪使土壤有效Fe含量降低。增加鸡粪施用量,可使土壤中有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量增加;培养期间有效Cu、Zn含量变化幅度较小,有效Fe、Mn含量变化较大。     

Pb,Zn对超富集植物(小鳞苔草)抗氧化酶活性的影响

通过人工气候箱盆栽实验,研究Pb,Zn及其复合胁迫对小鳞苔草(Carex gentilisFranch.)根和叶中SOD,POD及CAT活性的影响。结果表明:叶片SOD活性随Pb和Zn浓度增加均呈缓慢上升趋势,根部SOD则表现为有升有降的过程,Pb Zn复合处理可提高根部和叶片SOD活性,最高分别为201.8 U/gFW和233.1U/gFW。根部POD活性随Pb,Zn浓度增加均出现不同程度提高,但叶片POD活性呈有升有降的过程;根部和叶片POD在Pb Zn复合处理中活性增幅明显,最高分别为对照的7.47倍和1.49倍。根部和叶片中CAT在Pb,Zn及其复合处理中活性均受到不同程度的抑制。方差分析显示,Pb对根部3种酶活性影响显著;Zn对叶片POD活性影响显著;Pb Zn互作对植株体内POD和根部SOD影响极显著。经综合分析,小鳞苔草在Pb,Zn及其复合胁迫条件下,SOD和POD起主要作用,并具有耐Pb高浓度胁迫的抗氧化酶活性调控能力,可望在中国西部铅锌复合污染区植物修复中提供一种新资源。     

铅锌矿区污染土壤微生物活性研究

通过野外调查和采样分析，研究了浙江衢州铅锌矿区土壤的微生物、土壤酶活性及植物重金属积累特性。结果表明：矿区污染区土壤Ph、Zn、Cd、Cu全量的平均值分别是对照土壤的267．8倍、132．6倍、41．8倍、17．0倍。矿区植物体内重金属含量与土壤重金属全量和有效态含量呈显著正相关。矿区土壤随着重金属含量的增加，土壤微生物生物量碳逐渐降低，而土壤基础呼吸、微生物代谢商则升高，矿区中心污染土壤微生物生物量碳只有对照土壤的72％，而基础呼吸和微生物代谢商分别是对照土壤的1．6倍和2．3倍。铅锌矿口附近污染区土壤酶活性较低，对照土壤的各种酶活性最高。其中土壤脱氧酶的活性变化最大，作为矿区重金属污染的指标更灵敏。     

Comparison of Ni/Zn Accumulation Ability of Thlaspi japonicum from Three Different Areas in Hokkaido

Thlaspi japonicum is a Japanese Ni-hyperaccumulator plant growing in areas with serpentine soil containing a high level of Ni. In the present study, we investigated the ability of wild Thlaspi japonicum plants inhabiting non-ultramafic soil areas of Hokkaido to accumulate Ni/Zn. Wild T. japonicum plants growing on Rebun Island (Rebun-T) accumulated small amounts of Ni, while the plants cultivated on ultramafic rock soil accumulated large amounts of Ni, like T. japonicum growing on Mt. Yubari (Yubari-T), and this change was also observed for T. japonicum growing on Mt. Tengu (Tengu-T). All the T. japonicum plants transplanted on both ultramaflc soil or Andosol accumulated over 100 mg kg⁻¹ Zn, especially the Ni/Zn content of Tengu-T plants tended to be higher than that of the plants growing in the other two areas. In contrast, transplanting of Yubari-T plants from ultramafic soil with a high level of Ni to soil with a lower-Ni content decrease of the Ni concentration in the leaves. Wild Rebun-T plants showed a smaller biomass than the Yubari-T and Tengu-T plants, and some individuals of the Rebun-T population were smaller than those of the other populations, with tiny radical leaves. Zinc content of the small leaves was not significantly different from that in large leaves. These results suggested that T. japonicum plants are able to accumulate high Ni/Zn accumulation, regardless ecotype, habitat and leaf size.     

锌镉互作对水稻幼苗镉和矿物质积累的影响

研究分析了在浓度梯度的Zn×Cd胁迫下两个水稻品种黄华占和IR68144幼苗根部和地上部Cd和矿物质的积累特征.结果表明:(1)随着营养液Cd2+浓度的上升,黄华占和IR68144根部和地上部的Cd含量都大幅增加.中等浓度的Zn2+能有效地减少高浓度Cd胁迫时水稻根系对Cd的吸收,但低浓度Cd胁迫时表现为协同吸收,而高浓度Zn2+则主要促进Cd的吸收.中等浓度的Z2++在一定条件下也能有效减少水稻地上部的Cd积累量,但其作用与Cd2+浓度和水稻基因型都有关,而高浓度Zn2+则完全表现为促进Cd的积累.(2)黄华占和IR68144根部和地上部的Zn含量都随着营养液Zn2+浓度的提高而增加.Cd对水稻Zn积累的影响与Zn2+浓度和基因型都有关,但大多数情况下Cd胁迫明显降低了水稻对Zn的积累.(3)在正常Zn2+浓度(0μmol/L)营养液中,Cd2+浓度上升时,黄华占和IR68144根部Fe积累量都保持相对平稳,但两者地上部Fe积累量明显持续降低;两品种根部Mn含量都不断增加,但黄华占地上部Mn积累量持续下降,而IR68144中保持平稳.Zn×Cd互作对水稻Fe积累的影响在根部主要表现为促进作用,在地上部则主要显示出抑制作用,但两品种的Mn积累量表现出复杂的Cd2+、Zn2+浓度和基因型相关性.说明锌镉互作能有效调控水稻幼苗对镉的吸收与转运,但其互作效应与Zn2+和Cd2+浓度有关,且表现出明显的基因型差异;同时还改变了水稻幼苗中锌、铁、锰等的积累.     

Assessment of ZN Interaction with Nutrient Cations in Alkaline Soil and its Effect on Plant Growth

An experiment was conducted to assess the zinc (Zn) availability to wheat in alkaline soils during Rabi 2009–2010. Wheat seedlings in pots having 2 kg alkaline sandy soil per pot were treated with 5, 10 and 15 kg Zn ha^?1 as soil and with 0.5 and 1.0% zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) as foliar application. Results showed that Zn increasing levels in soil helped in phosphorus uptake up to boot stage but its conversion to grain portion lacked in Zn treated plants. Potassium (K) uptake also increased up to 6.24% in boot stage with treatment of 10 kg Zn ha^?1 + 1.0% ZnSO₄ foliar spray. Zinc (Zn) concentration increased in plant tissues with the increasing level of Zn application but this disturbed the phosphorus (P)-Zn interaction and, thus, both of the nutrients were found in lesser quantities in grains compared to the control. Despite of the apparent sufficient Zn level in soil (1.95 mg kg^?1), improvement in growth and yield parameters with Zn application indicate that the soil was Zn deplete in terms of plant available Zn. The above findings suggest that the figure Zn sufficiency in alkaline soil (1.0 mg kg^?1) should be revised in accordance to the nature and type of soils. Furthermore, foliar application of Zn up to 1.0% progressively increased yield but not significantly; and it was recommended that higher concentrations might be used to confirm foliar application of Zn as a successful strategy for increasing plant zinc levels.