Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature across urban neighborhoods with varying amounts of tree canopy

Recent studies have emphasized the presence of microclimates in urban settings, but most do not have the high resolution observations necessary to understand the interactions taking place at a neighborhood scale. This study used a network of 10 identical weather stations and high resolution land cover data in Knoxville, Tennessee, to analyze the microclimates of a medium-sized city with a temperate climate. Two stations were installed in each of four urban neighborhoods in locations with varying localized tree cover, and two additional stations were installed in the center of downtown and in a nearby urban nature center. The intra-neighborhood results suggested that there is significant temperature variability within a single neighborhood based on the tree canopy density immediately surrounding a given weather station. However, the inter-neighborhood variability (differences between neighborhoods) was similar in magnitude, which suggests that the overall differences in neighborhood characteristics also have an effect on climate. Land cover at the neighborhood scale (in particular tree canopy percentages at the 500-m radii) had the highest correlation with the minimum daily temperature (Tmin) during the summer season. Maximum daily temperature (Tmax) relied most on the distance of each station from Downtown and the amount of impervious area in the 50 m surrounding each station. Tmax was also most influenced by surrounding land cover during dry conditions (a Dry Moderate air mass). Overall, highly localized impervious land cover percentages and larger-scale forested canopy were important in explaining temperature fluctuation, pointing to the importance of scale in microclimate assessments. Dry air masses enhanced the relationship between land cover and temperature during the day, while moist air masses did the same overnight. These data can be used to better inform planning strategies to build resiliency to extreme heat into urban environments by considering the influence of tree canopy.     

国际旅游岛背景下海南休闲农业发展探讨

通过分析国际旅游岛的建设背景，认为海南大力发展热带休闲农业，可以打造海南生态休闲旅游的新品牌、构筑海南旅游发展的新亮点。并结合海南休闲农业发展的实际情况，就如何进一步发展海南休闲农业提出对策和建议。     

浙江海岛乡土树种资源调查研究

在植物、植被和林业调查的基础上，筛选出适应海岛生境的３９５个乡土绿化树种，分析了树种资源的基本特点，并根据立地条件分５类阐述了树种选择依据和资源现状，最后，提出了乡土树种资源开发利用意见。     

Landscape Patterns and Dynamics in Shanhaiguan Forest Farm,Hebei Province

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盛行风作用下柴木达盆地典型多花柽柳灌丛资源岛特征

[目的] 探究盛行风作用下柴达木盆地诺木洪地区典型多花柽柳(Tamarix hohenackeri)灌丛资源岛特征,旨在深入了解在类似的生境下柽柳灌丛的生态学意义,为盐碱地改良和荒漠—绿洲的生态保护提供借鉴。[方法] 通过对柴达木盆地诺木洪地区荒漠—绿洲过渡带典型多花柽柳灌丛周围土壤系统采样,全面了解冠下、冠缘和间地110 cm深不同土层土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤含水率(SMC)、土壤pH和EC值特征,探讨盛行风对灌丛资源岛的影响。[结果] ①典型多花柽柳灌丛周围,冠下枯落物和地下生物量显著大于冠缘和间地,SOC含量在冠下显著大于冠缘,具有资源岛特征; ②盛行风背风向冠下SMC、冠缘和间地SOC含量显著大于其他方向,且冠缘0—5 cm土层有着较低的土壤pH值; ③背风向地上生物量和冠缘枯落物量显著大于其他方向,减少了水分蒸发,促进了SOC的增加。[结论] 柴达木盆地荒漠—绿洲过渡带多花柽柳灌丛周围土壤不仅冠下具有资源岛特征,且背风向土壤会形成更适合植物生长的SMC,SOC含量和较低土壤pH值,即风影区资源岛。     

基于Landsat 8的东莞市热岛效应研究

以2014年广东省东莞市Landsat 8卫星的热红外波段数据建立模型,反演东莞市地表温度,研究东莞市热岛效应分布情况,从优势度指数、分维数指数和形状指数来分析热力场景观格局,根据热岛效应的不同影响因素分析东莞市热岛现象的成因。结果表明：Landsat 8卫星影像反演2014年东莞市地表温度是可行的;东莞市热力景观以中热岛为主,热岛效应不明显,分布呈西北偏高,中部地区和东南区域偏低;热力景观斑块较复杂、热力场呈条带状零星分布;受绿化、水体影响区域的热岛强度较小,而受人为热源、道路、城市下垫面和建筑等因素影响的区域,热岛强度较大。     

不同施肥处理对3种海岛树种苗木生长及造林效果的影响

为了解不同施肥处理对普陀樟(Cinnamomum japonicum var.Chenii)、全缘冬青(Ilex integra Thunb.)、红楠(Machilus thunbergii Sieb.et Zucc)3种海岛树种苗木生长及造林效果的影响,设置了7个不同的施肥处理,即(1)N(对照),(2)N+P,(3)N+2P、(4)N+K、(5)N+2K、(6)N+1P+1K、(7)N+2P+2K,于2011年5月至2012年1月观测苗高和地径,并测定植物各部分的生物量。结果表明:3种苗木不同施肥处理下,通过测算苗木质量指数QI可知,在N+1K施肥组合下,全缘冬青的苗木质量最好,而红楠在N+2P+2K的施肥组合下苗木质量最高,普陀樟在N+1P+1K的施肥组合下,苗木质量要好于其他处理。     

国际旅游岛建设背景下海南发展休闲农业的对策研究

国际旅游岛建设对海南休闲农业的发展提出了新的要求.通过分析海南休闲农业发展的现状和现实意义,存在的优势和劣势,面临的机遇和挑战,结合海南热带农业资源特色、生态环境、文化民俗等,从海南休闲农业的发展模式方面提出了“琼北、琼南、琼东、琼西和琼中”5个规划区域,提出从加强体验经济开发、挖掘乡土文化特色和提高科技含量等方面来提高产品的开发档次和内涵,并针对构建投融资体系、制定优惠政策以及加强规范化管理,提高服务水平等方面提出了具体的对策,以期为海南休闲农业的发展提供参考.     

Local and remote physical processes driving variability of the planktonic system in the Juan Fernández Archipelago: A multidisciplinary framework providing conservation insights

1. The Juan Fernandez Ridge, a vulnerable marine ecosystem located far off the coast of central Chile and formed by several seamounts, guyots and three islands (Robinson Crusoe, Santa Clara and Alejandro Selkirk), has recently been declared a Coastal Marine Protected Area of Multiple Uses with several National Parks embedded in it.
2. Recent studies have highlighted the influence of remote and local oceanographic structures on the hydrographic dynamics of this ridge. However, there is still a gap in understanding how they affect the structure and dynamics of the surrounding insular planktonic communities.
3. A hydroacoustic and oceanographic survey was conducted during the austral spring (October 2016), including hydrographic and zooplankton sampling around Robinson Crusoe Island. Oceanographic features were identified and tracked using satellite data (chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and sea surface temperature) and modelling results.
4. Two events of Chl-a increase relative to a threshold (>0.45 mg m⁻³) were forced by different physical processes, both affecting the western side of Robinson Crusoe Island. In event A during the cruise period, Chl-a subsurface maxima were associated with the arrival of a coastal meander originating on the continental shelf off Chile (remote process); the zooplankton was dominated by copepods and salps, with an evident coastal–oceanic gradient. In event B, Chl-a maxima were linked to a local upwelling forced by the intensification of a localized SSW wind. No influence of remote eddies or local Von Kármán vortices on Chl-a distribution was observed.
5. These findings highlight the influence of remote and local physical processes on the structure of planktonic communities around Robinson Crusoe Island. Understanding the variability of these mechanisms and their effects at the base of the pelagic food web is critical in adopting an ecosystem-level approach.

     

Temporal changes in seabird assemblage structure and trait diversity in the Rapa Nui (Easter Island) multiple-use marine protected area

1. For Rapa Nui (Easter Island) and its largest islet, Motu Nui, the change of the species assemblage over time was analysed, and a trait-based approach to evaluate the potential losses in seabird function across the past centuries was applied. At a finer scale, the seasonal changes in seabird species composition in the current seabird assemblage was assessed to better understand the dynamics of the long-term inferred patterns.
2. For Rapa Nui, the composition of the seabird assemblage between the prehistorical, historical, and current time has changed significantly. The most critical change, probably associated with human colonization, was observed between prehistoric and current times. The current diminished number of nesting seabird species was probably the result of local extirpation without evidence of colonization by new species.
3. For Motu Nui, changes in species composition were also followed by changes in trait structure, which were smaller than observed in Rapa Nui. This is probably due to the presence of a relatively high number of related species (i.e. Procellariids) with high similarities in their foraging behaviour.
4. The nesting seabird assemblages in Rapa Nui and Motu Nui differ in exposure to risk; thus, conservation strategies applied to the islands should be planned on a fine spatial scale. For Rapa Nui, which is an urban wildlife area with several invasive species and a low number of remaining native seabird species, management should focus on fencing and pets control. For Motu Nui, management should instead focus on the establishment of quarantine and other biosecurity tools to avoid both the entry and proliferation of new invasive species.