五种石蒜属植物不同部位淀粉粒度分布差异的研究

[目的]为了解石蒜属植物淀粉粒特性。[方法]以忽地笑、红花石蒜、长筒石蒜、中国石蒜以及换锦花为材料,用软件Scophoto测量了根、鳞茎、叶内淀粉粒的形态特征,并且统计不同部位淀粉粒的数目和大小。[结果]忽地笑、红花石蒜、长筒石蒜、中国石蒜、换锦花淀粉粒面积范围分别为84.864~883.926、12.716~986.444、91.457~1 136.025、50.370~957.309、42.988~949.062μm2。忽地笑、中国石蒜和换锦花小淀粉粒比例高于大淀粉粒;长筒石蒜大淀粉与小淀粉差异不明显;红花石蒜大淀粉粒比例高于小淀粉粒。5种石蒜属植物根部和叶部的淀粉含量相对鳞茎较低。忽地笑、长筒石蒜和换锦花根部淀粉粒高于叶部,红花石蒜叶部淀粉粒高于根部,中国石蒜根部和叶部淀粉粒差异不明显。[结论]5种石蒜属植物在淀粉粒分布上差异在0.05水平显著。     

三种禾谷类作物强、弱势粒淀粉粒形态与粒度分布的比较

本研究以水稻品种武运粳24和扬两优6号、小麦品种扬麦16和宁麦13及玉米品种登海11和农乐988为试验材料,分别提取其成熟期强、弱势粒的淀粉粒,观察比较不同作物及其强、弱势粒间淀粉粒形态和淀粉粒数量、体积和表面积分布特性。结果表明,3种禾谷类作物间淀粉粒形态大小差异明显,粒径表现为玉米>小麦>水稻。水稻淀粉粒呈有棱角的无规则状,小麦淀粉粒呈透镜体状或球体状,玉米淀粉粒呈椭球体状、多面体状或圆球体状。水稻和玉米淀粉粒数量、体积和表面积分别成单峰、三峰和双峰分布;小麦淀粉粒数量呈单峰分布,体积呈微弱的四峰分布,表面积呈三峰分布。水稻、小麦和玉米淀粉粒按各自粒径不同人为划分为小淀粉粒、中淀粉粒和大淀粉粒,分界线分别为1.5 μm和20.0 μm、5.0 μm和50.0 μm、4.0 μm和50.0 μm。3种作物籽粒淀粉粒的总体积主要决定于中淀粉粒体积。3种作物的强、弱势粒间小淀粉粒粒度分布比例及中淀粉粒所占数量比例没有明显差异,但各作物强势粒的中淀粉粒所占的体积和表面积比例均显著高于弱势粒,大淀粉粒的分布比例低于弱势粒。强、弱势粒的中淀粉粒所占体积比例与其淀粉积累量和粒重的高低变化趋势一致。表明淀粉粒体积是决定粒重的一个重要因素,增加弱势粒的中淀粉粒体积或减小大淀粉粒体积可望增加其粒重。     

Evaluation of the waxy endosperm trait in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum)*

The entire USDA‐ARS maintained collection of 650 accessions of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was evaluated for the presence of accessions with waxy (amylose‐free) endosperm starch. Six accessions, five of which derived from mainland China, were identified. Segregation ratios for waxy endosperm were evaluated in F₂ and F₃ populations derived from crosses between two waxy accessions, PI 436625 (Lung Shu 16) and PI 436626 (Lung Shu 18), and several wild‐type accessions. The waxy trait was found to be under the control of duplicate recessive alleles at two loci, herein designated wx‐1 and wx‐2. Wild‐type alleles at these loci were designated Wx‐1 and Wx‐2. Iodine‐binding revealed a mean grain‐starch amylose concentration of 3.5% in waxy lines and 25.3% in wild‐type proso. Expression of the granule‐bound starch synthase (waxy protein) in waxy lines was reduced to approximately one‐tenth that of wild‐type accessions. The waxy accessions identified now are available for the introgression of this trait into breeding lines adapted to the Great Plains of North America.     

大颗粒尿素在农业生产中的推广应用

介绍了大颗粒尿素的特性,阐述了大颗粒尿素主要的生产技术及应用方式,分析了推广应用大颗粒尿素面临的主要问题,并提出了在农业生产中推广应用大颗粒尿素的措施。     

Preparation of Denitrifying Phosphorus Accumulating Bacterial Seed Liquid and Analysis of Phosphorus Removal Mechanism

In order to control the water eutrophication, microorganism agents with high capability of denitrifying phosphorus accumulation are required. A denitrifying poly-phosphate accumulating organisms(DNPAOS), B8(Pseudomonas putida sp.)was isolated from activated sludge in oxidation ditch of Anhui Tianchang wastewater treatment plant. Intracellular polyphosphate granule(Poly-P)dyeing method was used to optimize the culture conditions of Poly-P-producing Pseudomonas putida strain B8 seed liquid. The results showed that the appropriate culture conditions were as follow: pH value and temperature ranged from 6.5 to 7.0 and 30~32 ℃m respectively. The saturation values of dissolved oxygen varied from 70% to 88%(when velocity was in range of 120~140 r/min), 15~20 h proved to be the cultivation time. The seed liquid produced by B8 showed high phosphorus uptake rate in the processes of anaerobic-anoxic and anaerobic-aerobic in wastewater(89.73% and 94.09% respectively)In the anaerobic-anoxic process, the highest nitrate removal efficiency was 53.48%. Extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)extracting method and analysis of phosphorus removal characterization revealed that phosphorus removal was mainly caused by intracellular uptake, rather than by extracellular biological adsorption.     

Electron microscopic observations of sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves

Sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The adaxial leaf surface was distinctly covered with soot‐like masses of dark brown hyphae and conidia. The main characteristics of the sooty moulds included stauroconidia, conidial clusters, hyphal degeneration and extracellular melanin depositions. Some conidia were round, measured ~10 μm in diameter, and mostly one‐septate; others were branched and multiseptate (stauroconidia). Based on their morphology, the sooty moulds were determined to consist of several component fungal species belonging to genera such as Antennaria, Metacapnodium and Tripospermum. Enclosed in electron‐dense melanin layers, hyphae and conidial clusters had concentric bodies exhibiting electron‐transparent cores and electron‐dense shells with fibrillar sheaths. Concentric bodies are hypothesized to function as multilayer lipid‐encapsulated nanobubbles or eukaryotic gas vesicles for cytoplasmic volume control. Intrahyphal hyphae possessed electron‐dense cytoplasm and lipid globules. These results suggest that sooty moulds are equipped with melanized cell walls, multicelled resting structures, hyphal regeneration, intrahyphal growth and gas vesicles to adapt to their xeric phylloplane environment. Condensed and elongated starch granules in the chloroplasts of mesophyll tissues may indicate the acclimation of the sooty leaf regions to light reduction and temperature increase.     

均匀设计法优选抗雏鸡白痢翁苋颗粒

利用均匀设计法及回归分析优选抗雏鸡白痢的中药组方翁苋颗粒.结合中兽药组方原则,将白头翁、马齿苋、苍术、陈皮等中药进行组方配伍,采用均匀设计法及回归分析,以不同配比的翁苋颗粒对鸡白痢沙门氏菌的体外抑菌效果作为考察指标,运用中兽医整体观念及体外抑菌活性评价筛选最优处方.采用腹腔注射鸡白痢沙门氏菌菌液的方法复制雏鸡白痢的病理模型,通过在饲料中添加一定比例的翁苋颗粒,于试验后统计有效率、治愈率.翁苋方28的组分配比为最佳处方,最优处方配比的翁苋颗粒高剂量组对雏鸡白痢的治愈率、有效率均为91.7%.该试验筛选出的优化复方制备处方翁苋颗粒能够有效防治雏鸡白痢.     

薯蓣属淀粉的研究进展

薯蓣是重要的药食两用植物,而淀粉是其根茎中最丰富的碳水化合物。综述了近年来薯蓣淀粉的研究进展,介绍了薯蓣淀粉的颗粒结构,概述了薯蓣淀粉尤其是薯蓣抗性淀粉的应用,并探讨了不同的物理和化学改性方法对薯蓣淀粉结构及应用带来的影响。     

磷素对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)淀粉粒微观特性的影响及其形成机理

【目的】磷是小麦生长发育必需的三大营养元素之一。小麦淀粉粒表面存在微孔和微通道结构,对淀粉的生物合成和理化特性有重要影响。探索磷素对淀粉粒微观特性的影响及其形成机理,可为研究不同磷素条件下小麦淀粉的生物合成及品质变化机理提供新途径。【方法】采用新疆冬小麦主栽品种新冬23号为参试材料,设置3种施磷水平,不施磷(CK:P_2O_5 0 kg·hm~(-2))、常规施磷(CP:P_2O_5 105 kg·hm~(-2))和高量施磷(HP:P_2O_5 210 kg·hm~(-2)),所用肥料为重过磷酸钙,于小麦播种后160 d(大约5%的植株已返青)开沟条施,并于花后7、14、21、28和35 d取样。通过扫描电镜观察不同磷素水平成熟期淀粉粒微观结构以及淀粉粒在内源(种子萌发)和外源淀粉酶(淀粉葡萄糖苷酶)酶解条件下的形态变化,同时测定淀粉粒经淀粉葡萄糖苷酶水解后产生的还原糖浓度;通过激光共焦显微镜观察淀粉粒微通道结构的变化;通过实时荧光定量PCR研究籽粒发育过程中淀粉合成酶与降解酶基因表达量,并通过原位杂交技术对淀粉降解酶关键基因进行定位。【结果】不同磷素条件下小麦胚乳淀粉粒形态未发生明显改变,但CP处理条件下更容易观察到淀粉粒的微孔结构,且其内部显示出较多荧光;另外,籽粒发芽6 d时,CP处理条件下淀粉粒表面的孔洞最多。经外源淀粉葡萄糖苷酶处理后,HP和CP处理条件下更容易观察到被水解成两半的A型淀粉粒,同时其产生的还原糖浓度也显著提高,这说明不同磷素条件下淀粉粒表面和高部微观结构发生了变化。常规施磷条件下,小麦胚乳淀粉合成与降解相关酶基因的表达量显著高于不施磷和高量施磷。施磷条件下胚乳外缘amy4、bam1和bam5转录水平提高,且常规施磷条件下转录水平更高。【结论】常规施磷条件下胚乳边缘淀粉酶基因转录水平的提高可能影响了淀粉合成酶和降解酶之间的平衡,进而影响淀粉粒的合成和微观特性变化。     

猪卵母细胞在GV期与MⅡ期的冷冻保存效果比较研究

为比较猪卵母细胞在GV期与MⅡ期的冷冻保存效果,试验在这两个成熟阶段对其进行玻璃化冷冻,GV期卵母细胞解冻后培养至成熟,MⅡ期卵母细胞解冻后恢复2 h,然后采用免疫荧光标记、Western blotting和链霉蛋白酶溶解方法分别检测它们的皮质颗粒分布、CD9蛋白表达水平和透明带消化时间上的差异。结果表明,GV期卵母细胞在解冻后2 h的存活率显著低于MⅡ期卵母细胞（P<0.05）,但极体排出率与对照卵母细胞无明显差异（P>0.05）;在冷冻MⅡ期卵母细胞中,皮质颗粒的皮质区分布比例和CD9的蛋白表达水平显著下降（P<0.05）,但冷冻GV期卵母细胞经体外成熟后则无明显变化（P>0.05）;冷冻GV期与MⅡ期卵母细胞均不会影响透明带的消化时间（P>0.05）。由此可见,猪卵母细胞在GV期的冷冻存活率虽然较MⅡ期低,但其体外成熟后极体排出率、皮质颗粒分布和CD9蛋白表达水平均未受到冷冻的影响。