生态经济林模式土壤养分与颗粒变化研究

对生态经济林在不同时期的土壤养分及其颗粒变化情况进行了研究,结果表明,生态经济林对改善土壤养分和土壤颗粒状况具有积极的促进作用。     

Characterization of waxy grain sorghum lines in relation to granule-bound starch synthase

The waxy phenotype, associated with endosperm containing little or no amylose, has been recognized in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) since 1933. Although variants of the waxy gene are well characterized in other cereals, the waxy trait has been assumed to be controlled by a single allele, wx, in sorghum. Recent improvements in technologies encourage re-examination of the waxy sorghums. The objectives of this research were therefore to identify and characterize sorghum lines with differing waxy alleles and to describe the actions of those alleles in crosses. Grain of eight waxy sorghum lines (BTxARG1, BTx630, Tx2907, B.9307, 94C274, 94C278, 94C289, 94C369), three wild-type checks (BWheatland, RTx430, BN122), and F₂ families from crosses among a subset of these lines were evaluated for presence or absence of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS), the gene product of the wx locus, and wild-type vs. waxy endosperm. The F₂ segregation ratios were tested for fit to a 3:1 ratio using Chi-square analyses. Two distinctly different naturally occurring waxy alleles were identified: One with no GBSS (GBSS−), and one with apparently inactive GBSS present (GBSS+). We propose that the waxy allele with no GBSS be designated wx^a, and that waxy allele with apparently inactive GBSS present be designated wx^b. These two alleles are located in close proximity on the waxy locus. The wx^b allele is dominant to the wx^a allele in terms of GBSS production, and both are recessive to the wild-type Wx in terms of amylose content. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution in Grains of Wheat in Relation to Post-Anthesis Water Deficits

Post-anthesis soil moisture condition is closely associated with grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). To investigate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit (WD) on starch content and granule size distribution, pot-experiments were conducted in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons, using five wheat cultivars with different amylose content. The result showed that the grain starch granules had a bimodal curve in the volume and surface area distribution, and a unimodal curve was found in number distribution. Post-anthesis WD reduced the B-granules (<10 μm in diameter) volume % and surface area % in Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901, increased the proportion in Weimai10, whereas the effect on those in Jinan17 and Shannong15 was not significant. Post-anthesis WD decreased the number % of <2 μm starch granules, significantly in all cultivars. The amylose content was negatively correlated with the volume of <10 μm and positively correlated to >15 μm starch granules, respectively, suggesting that small starch granules (<10 μm) are low in amylose content, whereas, big starch granules (>15 μm) are high. The results indicate that the grain starch granule size distributions of Jinan17 and Shannong15 with high amylose content were less affected by WD, than those of Nuomai50206 and Gaocheng8901 with low amylose content.     

杂交水稻主要亲本材料的垩白性状及其胚乳结构电镜扫描

【研究目的】针对杂交稻米品质问题，研究杂交稻亲本垩白形成与胚乳细胞形态结构和发育以及与淀粉粒之间的关系，为进一步研究杂交稻米高垩白形成机理奠定基础；【方法】对几个应用面积较大的杂交稻主要亲本和两个米质对照品种，按GB/T17891-1999方法调查其垩白性状，对其米粒胚乳结构和淀粉粒的采用扫描电镜观察分析；【结果】亲本材料间垩白性状差异首先表现在垩白率上，其次为垩白度，最后为垩白面积。高垩白的保持系和桂朝2号垩白主要发生在中、腹部，而相对低垩白的恢复系主要在中部，腹白少或无。垩白度与垩白率间存在明显的线性关系，与垩白面积无明显相关性。淀粉粒在米粒横断面上分布的均匀性与垩白率和垩白度有较大的相关性，分布越均匀则垩白率和垩白度越小；而长方柱状细胞层数和多少与垩白率和垩白度有一定的相关性但不明显。5个恢复系和3个保持系垩白米粒的背部淀粉粒普遍发育良好而中部较差；保持系与恢复系的差异主要表现在腹部淀粉粒的发育形态上。【结论】杂交稻保持系与恢复系的垩白发生部位有所差异，垩白形成与其淀粉粒的分布有重要关系；中、腹部淀粉粒发育异常容易产生垩白，主要受胚乳细胞生理发育规律的影响。     

Evaluation of the waxy endosperm trait in proso millet (Panicum miliaceum)*

The entire USDA‐ARS maintained collection of 650 accessions of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) was evaluated for the presence of accessions with waxy (amylose‐free) endosperm starch. Six accessions, five of which derived from mainland China, were identified. Segregation ratios for waxy endosperm were evaluated in F₂ and F₃ populations derived from crosses between two waxy accessions, PI 436625 (Lung Shu 16) and PI 436626 (Lung Shu 18), and several wild‐type accessions. The waxy trait was found to be under the control of duplicate recessive alleles at two loci, herein designated wx‐1 and wx‐2. Wild‐type alleles at these loci were designated Wx‐1 and Wx‐2. Iodine‐binding revealed a mean grain‐starch amylose concentration of 3.5% in waxy lines and 25.3% in wild‐type proso. Expression of the granule‐bound starch synthase (waxy protein) in waxy lines was reduced to approximately one‐tenth that of wild‐type accessions. The waxy accessions identified now are available for the introgression of this trait into breeding lines adapted to the Great Plains of North America.     

三种禾谷类作物强、弱势粒淀粉粒形态与粒度分布的比较

本研究以水稻品种武运粳24和扬两优6号、小麦品种扬麦16和宁麦13及玉米品种登海11和农乐988为试验材料,分别提取其成熟期强、弱势粒的淀粉粒,观察比较不同作物及其强、弱势粒间淀粉粒形态和淀粉粒数量、体积和表面积分布特性。结果表明,3种禾谷类作物间淀粉粒形态大小差异明显,粒径表现为玉米>小麦>水稻。水稻淀粉粒呈有棱角的无规则状,小麦淀粉粒呈透镜体状或球体状,玉米淀粉粒呈椭球体状、多面体状或圆球体状。水稻和玉米淀粉粒数量、体积和表面积分别成单峰、三峰和双峰分布;小麦淀粉粒数量呈单峰分布,体积呈微弱的四峰分布,表面积呈三峰分布。水稻、小麦和玉米淀粉粒按各自粒径不同人为划分为小淀粉粒、中淀粉粒和大淀粉粒,分界线分别为1.5 μm和20.0 μm、5.0 μm和50.0 μm、4.0 μm和50.0 μm。3种作物籽粒淀粉粒的总体积主要决定于中淀粉粒体积。3种作物的强、弱势粒间小淀粉粒粒度分布比例及中淀粉粒所占数量比例没有明显差异,但各作物强势粒的中淀粉粒所占的体积和表面积比例均显著高于弱势粒,大淀粉粒的分布比例低于弱势粒。强、弱势粒的中淀粉粒所占体积比例与其淀粉积累量和粒重的高低变化趋势一致。表明淀粉粒体积是决定粒重的一个重要因素,增加弱势粒的中淀粉粒体积或减小大淀粉粒体积可望增加其粒重。     

Electron microscopic observations of sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves

Sooty moulds on crape myrtle leaves were investigated using light and electron microscopy. The adaxial leaf surface was distinctly covered with soot‐like masses of dark brown hyphae and conidia. The main characteristics of the sooty moulds included stauroconidia, conidial clusters, hyphal degeneration and extracellular melanin depositions. Some conidia were round, measured ~10 μm in diameter, and mostly one‐septate; others were branched and multiseptate (stauroconidia). Based on their morphology, the sooty moulds were determined to consist of several component fungal species belonging to genera such as Antennaria, Metacapnodium and Tripospermum. Enclosed in electron‐dense melanin layers, hyphae and conidial clusters had concentric bodies exhibiting electron‐transparent cores and electron‐dense shells with fibrillar sheaths. Concentric bodies are hypothesized to function as multilayer lipid‐encapsulated nanobubbles or eukaryotic gas vesicles for cytoplasmic volume control. Intrahyphal hyphae possessed electron‐dense cytoplasm and lipid globules. These results suggest that sooty moulds are equipped with melanized cell walls, multicelled resting structures, hyphal regeneration, intrahyphal growth and gas vesicles to adapt to their xeric phylloplane environment. Condensed and elongated starch granules in the chloroplasts of mesophyll tissues may indicate the acclimation of the sooty leaf regions to light reduction and temperature increase.     

嘧苯胺磺隆水分散粒剂配方筛选研究

[目的]探讨嘧苯胺磺隆水分散粒剂的制备方法。[方法]研究采用湿法挤压制粒法制备嘧苯胺磺隆水分散粒剂的配方组成。[结果]嘧苯胺磺隆水分散粒剂的配方组成为:嘧苯胺磺隆原药60%,润湿剂为十二烷基硫酸钠K12(用量为2%),分散剂为亚甲基二萘磺酸钠NNO(用量为4%),崩解剂为羧甲基淀粉钠CMS-Na(用量为5%),填充剂为膨润土(补足100%),粘合剂为10%的淀粉浆。制备工艺为:将配方量的除粘合剂之外的其他组分用槽型混合机混合均匀,加入粘合剂制软材,用摇摆式颗粒机制粒,经干燥、筛分后得到最终产品。制得产品经热贮稳定性试验,各项质量指标均符合国家有关水分散粒剂的规定。[结论]试验结果为嘧苯胺磺隆的进一步推广应用提供了理论依据。     

Characterization of starch morphology,composition, physicochemi-cal properties and gene expressions in oat

Starch is the major carbohydrate in oat(Avena sativa L.) and starch formation requires the coordinated actions of several synthesis enzymes. In this study, the granule morphology, composition and physicochemical properties of oat starch, as well as the expressions of starch synthesis genes were investigated during oat endosperm development. Under the scanning electron microscopy(SEM), we observed that the unique compound granules were developed in oat endosperms at 10 days post anthesis(DPA) and then fragmented into irregular or polygonal simple granules from 12 DPA until seed maturity. The amylose content, branch chain length of degree of polymerization(DP=13–24), gelatinization temperature and percentage of retrogradation were gradually increased during the endosperm development; whereas the distribution of short chains(DP=6–12) were gradually decreased. The relative expressions of 4 classes of 13 starch synthesis genes characterized in this study indicated that three expression pattern groups were significantly different among gene classes as well as among varied isoforms, in which the first group of starch synthesis genes may play a key role on the initiation of starch synthesis in oat endosperms.     

复方穿山龙颗粒治疗类风湿性关节炎临床观察

目的 观察复方穿山龙颗粒治疗类风湿性关节炎的临床疗效及不良反应。方法 将68例类风湿性关节炎患者随机分为治疗组（34例）和对照组（34例）,治疗组给予复方穿山龙颗粒,对照组给予来氟米特片和洛索洛芬钠片,疗程3个月。观察两组临床疗效以及血沉（ESR）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）、类风湿因子（RF）的变化。结果 治疗组临床疗效的总有效率为85.3%,ESR、CRP、RF较治疗前均明显降低（P<0.05）,与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但不良反应发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 复方穿山龙颗粒治疗类风湿性关节炎具有疗效确切、不良反应少等优点,适合患者较长时间服用。