Brake disc thermal stress in material composite design

The temperature distribution and thermal stress distribution of brake discs under emergency braking conditions were studied using the finite element method (FEM). The discs were of three types: those made of functionally graded SiCp/Zl104 composite materials, of uniform (20% volume) SiCp/Zl104 composite materials, and of compacted graphite iron, respectively. The rule of mixtures of dual phase material and the discretization of the material composition distribution were applied to estimate the material properties of functionally graded composite materials. The results show that the temperature and thermal stress of brake discs made of graded SiCp/Zl104 composite are the lowest among the three types studied, and the distribution of temperature and thermal stress of this brake disc type is more uniform than the others. Furthermore, brake discs made of functionally graded SiCp/Zl104 composite can reduce vehicle weight and increase wear resistance capacity. The results provide a theoretical foundation for fabricating brake discs made of graded SiCp/Al composite material.     

Interference elimination of PCB and its ramification in determining trace PBBs/PBDEs by GC/MS

The normal method to determine the trace brominated flame retardants such as polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) contained in the electronic and electrical products is gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). However, the method is based on the determinations of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polychlorinated naphthalene (PCNs) etc. The interferences of those compounds are inevitable. Therefore, in order to overcome this problem, two methods e.g. 1) The combination use of gas chromatography negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC-NICI-MS) and gas chromatography-electron impact-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) is employed, 2) a matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) method with YMC ODS-C18 as carrier is developed. The result show that, by the former method, the brominated isomers or ramifications are distinguished remarkably from other halogen compounds because that anion fragment retention peaks of ［Br］-, ［HBr2］- and molecule chain fragment retention peaks of ［M+2］+,［M+4］+,［M+6］+,［M+8］+ are observed simultaneously, and thus the selectivity to determine bromine-containing retardant flames is greatly improved. Using the latter method, the gas chromatographic peaks of multiple polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers can be efficiently separated. Thus provides a project to solve interferences of POPs in brominated flame retardants’ determinations. The standard addition experimental results of 10 kinds of BDEs/PCBs belonging to 8 sorts of electronic and electrical equipment show this method has a high precision and reliability due to 60%～98% recovery and <9.5% relative error, which meet the needs regulated by the IEC Commission. It provides a technical support for electronic and eletrical industries in China to further comply with RoHS directive.     

基质含水量变化对盆栽‘红富士’苹果果实苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性及多酚含量的影响

为了解基质水分变化对苹果果实中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性及多酚含量的影响,以盆栽‘红富士’苹果为试材,调控基质水分含量,测定不同时期苹果果实中PAL酶活性和多酚含量。结果表明：果皮和果肉中的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均呈现先升后降的趋势,但达到高峰的时间有所差异。基质相对含水量分别由50%~55%和65%~70%提高到80%~85%时,果皮PAL酶活性显著高于同时期的其他处理,但果肉中的PAL活性没有差异;果皮和果肉中多酚含量显著低于同时期的其他处理。     

有机基质臭氧消毒设备设计与试验

为实现有机基质的绿色、高效消毒,设计了有机基质臭氧消毒设备。基于离散元软件EDEM建立了有机基质颗粒模型,根据有机质物料输送及抛撒动力学特性与臭氧消毒工艺流程,利用Solid Works软件构建了有机基质臭氧消毒设备结构模型,并对两种模型进行接触参数标定。以有机基质倾尽角为评价指标,以抄板弯折角、转筒转速、填充率为试验因素,进行了三因素五水平正交旋转组合仿真试验。根据仿真结果,利用Design-Expert软件回归分析法建立倾尽角回归数学模型,对有机基质臭氧消毒设备模型中的抄板弯折角、转筒转速、填充率进行了参数优化与试验验证。结果表明,在各因素取值范围内,抄板弯折角对有机基质倾尽角影响极显著,转筒转速对倾尽角影响显著,填充率对倾尽角影响不显著;有机基质臭氧消毒装置最优作业参数组合为:抄板弯折角124.23°、转筒转速6.29 r/min,此时物料倾尽角仿真值为89.3°。臭氧消毒灭菌性能试验验证结果为:臭氧初始质量浓度64.2 mg/m~3,消毒60 min后,细菌灭菌率88.9%,真菌灭菌率97.9%,能够满足有机基质消毒生产要求。     

行星变速机构换挡变胞与其构态属性自动识别

针对数学表征行星变速机构换挡变胞过程及自动识别各挡位构态属性较难的问题,首先,解析了行星变速机构变胞理论,基于机构转换法定义相对转速意义下行星排构件间运动副约束函数的转换规则,构建以约束函数为元素的行星变速机构构件和关联关系的邻接矩阵;然后,根据换挡逻辑分析了操纵离合器和制动器的换挡变胞过程,基于邻接矩阵分别推导这两种换挡构态演变的变胞方程,建立包含行星排空转和整体回转等特殊构态的判别准则,结合实例分析揭示换挡变胞机理;最后,通过建立相对转速方程和行星变速机构特性参数识别,结合行星变速机构等效拓扑模型的约束条件,提出了基于构态变胞方程的行星变速机构传动比和转矩自动建模和求解方法,实现了行星变速机构各挡位构态属性的自动识别。以某拖拉机行星变速器为例进行了分析,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Plant Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry

The determination of several trace elements [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb)] in plant samples using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was evaluated. It was established experimentally that moderate amounts (0.2–2%) of dissolved solids decreased the analyte signals significantly. Internal standardization with Rh was efficiently used to compensate for these matrix effects. The accuracy of the method was verified using reference materials digested according to two different procedures: dry ashing and microwave digestion. No significant differences were observed between measured concentrations and certified values. The investigation was next extended for the determination of major elements [aluminum (Al), boron (B), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), and zinc (Zn)] on the same reference materials. The ICP‐MS values agree well with the values supplied. However, it appeared that Sc was the most useful internal standard for major elements.     

马占相思扦插快繁育苗技术研究

通过双因素试验设计研究了3种不同木质化程度插穗(A)、4种不同浓度生根促进剂ABT-1#(B)和不同扦插基质(C)对马占相思扦插生根率、生根数及根长的影响差异,结果表明:未木质化的嫩枝(A1)+生根促进剂ABT-1#400 mg.kg-1(B2)生根率高、生根数多及生根长,生根率最高达83.3%;不同基质扦插中以未木质化的嫩枝(A1)+生根促进剂ABT-1#400 mg.kg-1(B2)+80%红心土和20%珍珠岩混合基质最佳。     

几种班克木属植物种子生物学特性及其育苗技术研究

3种班克木属树种的种子生物学特性测定结果表明,种子的种间特征差异较大,吸水能力均较强,全缘班克木、剑班克木和生日蜡烛班克木种子50 d的发芽率分别为71.2％、32.8％和33.5％.播种育苗试验结果显示,4个班克木属树种苗期生长出现根茎纤弱、怕水渍和生长缓慢的特性;而基质通过添加石灰和微量元素可显著促进索发针班克木小苗的生长,要培育壮苗必须控制育苗基质呈弱酸性至中性状态,同时苗床要干爽.     

基于模糊矩阵法的河流健康评价体系

基于河流健康评估,针对威胁河流生态健康及河流治理的问题,提供关于河流健康及其问题河段的科学解释与依据。在综合国内外河流健康状况评价方法及各项表征指标的基础上,建立了基于模糊矩阵法的河流健康评价体系。应用模糊关系合成原理,从多个因素对河流隶属等级状况进行综合评判。具体评价时分为目标层、准则层和指标层,结合模糊矩阵采用层层推进的计算方法,最后将计算结果分为自然、近自然、退化、人工4大类。结果表明:怀沙河总体得分为2.6分,其中自然状态占整条河段的41%,近自然状态占整条河段的32%,退化自然状态占整条河段的27%。分段评价结果表明:三岔、渤海、口头河段状态较好,四渡河、南冶、辛营需要采用合理措施来改善河流生态系统。该评价方法可以针对性地提出改进措施和建议,为城市郊区河流的健康和生态环境建设的可持续性提供思路。     

陕西省丹汉江流域土地利用时空变化动态分析

基于中国西部环境与生态科学数据中心1985,1995和2000年3期土地利用图,利用地理信息系统空间分析和数据统计的方法,分析了丹汉江流域1985—2000年土地利用的数量变化、转移情况和变化速率。研究了该地区主要土地利用类型在不同坡度的分布面积和变化特征。结果表明,耕地、林地和草地3种主要土地利用类型占该研究区土地利用面积的99%以上,是该研究区主要的土地利用类型。1985—2000年,耕地、林地、建筑用地和水体均呈先减少后增加的趋势,但草地相反。15a间,耕地和建筑用地分别增加了105.08和14.85km2,林地和草地分别减少了41.02和77.63km2;在不同坡度上,土地利用变化主要发生在5°～35°,而且在15°～25°之间变化最大。