马铃薯植株高度对FAO-56修正作物系数和实测作物系数的响应差别(英文)

为研究计算作物系数寻找到简单便捷方法,通过便于测量及具有地域差异性的植株高度来计算作物系数经验公式研究提供一定基础;同时为云南地区马铃薯植株精准灌溉制度提供研究基础及其参考。通过滴灌条件下大田种植马铃薯试验研究方法,试验数据拟合植株高度与FAO-56修正K值、实测K值的模型,分别为四次多项式和三次多项式,马铃薯植株高度与实测作物系数多项式更简单且拟合度更高;分析马铃薯植株高度变化速率最快时期分别与FAO-56修正K值和实测k值最大时期相差天数,为3 d。得出:(1)在今后研究简单作物计算中,植株高度是一个主导因变量,它能解决FAO-56 K值的地域差异性,用植株高度计算K值将会更接近实测K值及其计算式会更简单,为简单方法提供依据。(2)通过FAO-56修正K值研究马铃薯作物需水及其灌溉制度,在灌溉时间上,通过FAO-56计算出来确定的灌溉时间,尤其是在马铃薯需水关键期,应提前3 d进行灌溉。     

测土施肥田间试验地块的选择与处理技术

针对测土施肥田间试验的地块选择、试验方案的布置设计以及试验小区的整理与区划进行了细致阐述。测土施肥技术的推广应用能够有效提高地力和肥效,对基层农业科技工作者从事试验示范和推广应用具有重要的指导意义。     

0.5%苦参碱水剂对苹果树腐烂病菌的室内毒力测定和田间药效试验

用0.5%苦参碱水剂,40%福美砷WP,2.12%腐植酸铜水剂3种杀菌剂对苹果树腐烂病病菌进行了室内毒力测定和田间药效试验。结果表明,0.5%苦参碱水剂对苹果树腐烂病病菌的抑制作用效果优于福美砷,与2.12%腐植酸铜水剂抑制作用相当,有效中量Ec50为9.97 mg/kg,0.5%苦参碱水剂的毒力效果是40%福美砷WP的1.15倍;0.5%苦参碱水剂涂治后的伤口愈合率为50.18%,明显优于40%福美砷WP的伤口愈合率(37.78%),其相对防效达到83.54%。     

旱作农业区不同田间集雨措施应用效果研究

分别对冬小麦和夏玉米进行了不同田间集雨措施的试验研究。结果表明,起垄可使垄背土壤变得疏松,孔隙度增大,有利于土壤通气透水,增加土壤水库容。这有利于作物根系生长,增强抗倒伏能力,并可以减少地表径流使表土土壤结构体免遭破坏。因土壤贮水能力增加、地形对降水的再分配、土壤水的运移及蒸发强度的不同,使更多水分可以被作物利用。秸秆覆盖也可以缓冲雨滴的冲击力而减弱对土壤结构体的破坏,并且可以减少土壤水的蒸发损失。冬小麦生育期由于降水较少且强度不大,田间地形对降水的再分配效果不明显;而在没有覆盖措施的情况下因加快了土壤水分的蒸发,会降低冬小麦降水利用率。垄沟种植对夏玉米有明显的增产效应,而覆盖的效应相对较小。     

The effect of toposequence position on soil properties,hydrology, and yield of rainfed lowland rice in Southeast Asia

A large proportion of rainfed lowland rice in Southeast Asia is grown in gently sloping areas along toposequences with differences in elevation of a few meters. These small differences in elevation can lead to differentiation in soil properties and hydrological conditions, which in turn may affect crop performance and yield. It may be appropriate to replace blanket crop management recommendations in rainfed areas with toposequence-specific management recommendations. However, thorough statistical analyses of the relationships between toposequence position and field and crop conditions are lacking. In this paper, we statistically analysed the effect of toposequence position on soil properties, hydrological conditions, yield, and yield increase due to weed control and/or fertilizer management in rainfed areas in four villages in Indonesia and Thailand each in 2000–2002.     

Testing the durability of timber above ground: A review on methodology

The majority of timber products in outdoor use are exposed above ground, e.g. façades, terrace decking, playground equipment, garden furniture, windows, balconies or carports. In contrast, the durability of wood and wood products is most often determined in laboratory against Basidiomycete monocultures or in-ground field tests, where wood samples are submitted to permanent wetting. Worldwide, only a few above ground field test methods evaluating durability against fungal decay have been standardized. Wood used in above ground situations can be exposed to a wide range of moisture loads reflecting different design details such as varying shelter, distance to ground, ventilation and water trapping, whereas temperature and rainfall variations are overall influences on service life performance. The aim of this review was to gather information about standardized and non-standardized above ground field test methods used to determine the durability of wood and wood-based products. In total, more than 60 methods have been evaluated according to different criteria, such as principle set-up and design, severity of exposure and distance to ground. Their suitability to reflect a certain exposure under real-life conditions is discussed as well as practical aspects regarding acceleration measures, decay assessment and practicability, costs and time efforts.     

Effects of field length and management practices on dissolved organic carbon export in furrow irrigation

Farming practices, including tillage, cover cropping and residue management can have profound effects on the efficiency of irrigation practices. The effects of three field management practices (FMPs) standard tillage and winter-fallow (ST), standard tillage and winter-cover crop (STCC), and no-till and winter-fallow (NT) and two field lengths (122 and 366 m) on runoff and export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were investigated in a furrow-irrigated cropping system over two years. The residue cover was 40, 32 and 11% in 2007, and 58, 61 and 11% in 2008 for STCC, NT and ST, respectively. Furrow irrigation experiments were conducted prior to crop planting following the cover crop. The inflow was kept constant across all treatments, and infiltration and runoff were estimated using a volume balance model (VBM). The DOC concentration tended to increase with increasing field length, but did not differ among the FMPs. A threefold increase in field length increased infiltration by 40%, and decreased runoff by 60-90% and DOC export by 65-83%. In both years, infiltration was highest in STCC. In NT, infiltration was lowest in 2007, which was likely due to soil sealing, and intermediate among the three FMPs in 2008 perhaps due to the increase in residue cover in the second year. The DOC budget analysis showed that fields and FMPs acted as DOC sinks exporting less DOC than was applied in the irrigation water. The results suggest that longer furrows and STCC were greater DOC sinks compared to ST and shorter field practices. The VBM, as applied in this study to estimate infiltration and runoff, could be used to predict optimal field length to minimize runoff and promote DOC adsorption to soil within the constraints of water quality and availability and soil conditions.     

TAK1 regulates fibrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by regulating p38 MAPK signaling pathway

AIM:To investigate the effect of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activated kinase 1(TAK1) on renal tubular epithelial fibrosis. METHODS:The renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2 was used as the research object. After induced by TGF-β1, real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of TAK1 in the HK-2 cells. TAK1 shRNA lentivirus was used to infect HK-2 cells, real-time PCR and Western blot were used to determine the interference effect on TAK1 expression in the HK-2 cells with TGF-β1 stimulation. Under the condition of treating with p38 MAPK activator anisomycin, the levels of type I collagen and type Ⅲ collagen in the supernatant, and the protein levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and p-p38MAPK^{Thr 180/Tyr 182} in the HK-2 cells with TAK1 knock-down were determined by ELISA and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS:TGF-β1 significantly increased the expression of TAK1 in the HK-2 cells(P<0.05). TAK1 shRNA significantly decreased the expression of TAK1 in the HK-2 cells with TGF-β1 stimulation. Type I collagen and type Ⅲ collagen secreted by the HK-2 cells after treatment with TGF-β1 were increased, the protein levels of α-SMA, CTGF and p-p38MAPK^{Thr 180/Tyr 182} were also increased(P<0.05). Knock-down of TAK1 expression significantly inhibited the secretion of type I and type Ⅲ collagen, reduced the protein levels of α-SMA, CTGF and p-p38MAPK^{Thr 180/Tyr 182} in the TGF-β1-induced HK-2 cells(P<0.05). Treatment with p38 MAPK activator reversed the inhibitory effect of TAK1 knock-down on the secretion of type I and type Ⅲ collagens, and the protein levels of α-SMA, CTGF and p-p38 MAPK^{Thr 180/Tyr 182} in the HK-2 cells(P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Knock-down of TAK1 expression attenuates the TGF-β1 induced fibrosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by inhibiting p38 MAPK signaling pathway.     

Inhibitory effect of metformin on alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung tissue of rats with pulmonary fibrosis

AIM: To study the inhibitory effect of metformin on alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in rats with pulmonary fibrosis and the possible mechanism. METHODS: SD rats (n=48) were used, 12 of which were set up as normal control group, and 36 of which were induced by bleomycin (5 mg/kg) by tracheal instillation to establish pulmonary fibrosis. The pulmonary fibrosis rats were randomly divided into bleomycin group, low dose (100 mg/kg) of metformin group, and high dose (300 mg/kg) of metformin group. The rats in metformin groups were given the corresponding dose of metformin daily for 4 weeks. HE staining and Masson staining were used to observe the changes of lung histopathology and collagen deposition. Real-time PCR, Western blot and innunohistochemical staining were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), E-cadherin, vimentin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), collagen I, collagen III and transforming growth factor-β₁ (TGF-β₁), and the protein phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were also determined. RESULTS: Metformin up-regulated the expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1, down-regulated the expression of α-SMA, vimentin, collagen I and collagen III, and the protein phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3 and ERK1/2 were also decreased (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Metformin inhibits alveolar EMT in the rats with pulmonary fibrosis, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of TGF-β₁ signal transduction pathway.     

羽叶薰衣草在深圳地区的育苗与栽培管理技术

从羽叶薰衣草的植物学特征特性、标准化育苗流程、种植地块选择、整地、起垄、铺管、覆膜、定植、水肥管理、整形修剪和病虫害防治等方面详细介绍了羽叶薰衣草在深圳地区的育苗与栽培管理技术,以期为羽叶薰衣草在深圳的应用提供技术支持。