机械直播水稻田间简易诊断及调控技术研究

通过田间试验和大面积生产调查 ,经统计分析认为 :机械直播水稻关键生育期单位面积总苗数 (基本苗数或总茎蘖数 )、干物重、LAI(叶面积指数 )与产量及产量构成因素中单位面积穗数、每穗实粒数关系最为密切 ,可作为高产栽培中田间简易诊断的指标。 6叶和 9叶期是诊断产量及穗数、实粒数的适宜时期 ,并提出直播中粳水稻单产 82 5 0kg/hm2 以上的诊断指标及其调控技术     

Back-calculation method shows that within-flock transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H7N7) virus in the Netherlands is not influenced by housing risk factors

To optimize control of an avian influenza outbreak knowledge of within-flock transmission is needed. This study used field data to estimate the transmission rate parameter (β) and the influence of risk factors on within-flock transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N7 virus in the 2003 epidemic in The Netherlands. The estimation is based on back-calculation of daily mortality data to fit a susceptible-infectious-dead format, and these data were analysed with a generalized linear model. This back-calculation method took into account the uncertainty of the length of the latent period, the survival of an infection by some birds and the influence of farm characteristics. After analysing the fit of the different databases created by back-calculation, it could be concluded that an absence of the latency period provided the best fit. The transmission rate parameter (β) from these field data was estimated at 4.50 per infectious chicken per day (95% CI: 2.68–7.57), which was lower than what was reported from experimental data. In contrast to general belief, none of the studied risk factors (housing system, flock size, species, age of the birds in weeks and date of depopulation) had significant influence on the estimated β.     

水稻秸秆用量对淹水培养土壤表层溶液理化性质的影响

采用模拟培养的方法,研究水稻秸秆用量对淹水培养土壤表层溶液理化性质的影响。试验根据秸秆还田量设0g·盆-1、100g·盆-1、200g·盆-1和300g·盆-14个处理,每盆装土15kg,施尿素2.8g以调节系统碳氮比,分别测定培养液的电导率、pH、全氮、全磷、全钾等指标。研究结果表明,各处理表层溶液电导率在培养初期呈上升趋势,第36d达到最大值,分别为960μs·cm-1、1150μs·cm-1、1467μs·cm-1和1620μs·cm-1,随后略有降低,到培养结束时分别为683μs·cm-1、910μs·cm-1、1083μs·cm-1和1277μs·cm-1。pH值在培养的前3d呈缓慢下降趋势,与秸秆用量呈负相关;从第4d开始pH迅速升高,16d后达到相对稳定状态,到培养结束时变化不大。施加的尿素导致各处理培养液中全氮在20d内保持较高浓度,随后全氮浓度迅速下降,到第76d,下降趋势减缓;施加秸秆对全氮浓度影响较小,施加秸秆能够提高全磷含量。秸秆中钾释放迅速,培养1d后,溶液全钾含量达到较高浓度,分别为6.87mg·L-1、36.10mg·L-1、60.27mg·L-1、114.23mg·L-1,在整个培养期全钾浓度变化不大。淹水培养条件下施加秸秆能够增加培养液中电导率、全磷及全钾浓度,与秸秆用量呈正比,但对pH、全氮影响较小。从养分流失角度考虑,控制田面养分流失主要时期为水稻秸秆还田后30d内。     

Tracing the emergence of drug-resistance in coccidia (Eimeria spp.) of commercial broiler flocks medicated with decoquinate for the first time in the United Kingdom

Decoquinate is a quinolone coccidiostat introduced during 1967 as an in-feed prophylactic for broiler chickens. Despite early drug-resistance problems and its age, the drug is still used commercially worldwide. Decoquinate here serves as a valuable model in a field study that addresses the dynamics and economic impact of the development of coccidial resistance to potent synthetic anticoccidial drugs. The results of this unique, hitherto unpublished, study on the initial emergence of resistance of avian coccidia (Eimeria spp.) to a new drug in the field may be of strategic value in the continued use of decoquinate or the introduction of new drugs. The commercial performance of the first 3-5 crops of broilers to be medicated with decoquinate on each of six farms was monitored during 14 months in 1968-1969, supplemented by assessments of the species, population dynamics and decoquinate-resistance of coccidia isolated from each farm. During the rearing of each flock in a single shed on each farm, oocysts were counted in fresh faecal samples collected on three occasions, and the species were identified by their morphology if possible, supported if necessary by the biological characteristics of infections in chickens. E. acervulina was the most common species, followed by E. mitis, E. maxima, E. tenella and E. praecox. E. brunetti occurred rarely, and E. necatrix was not found. Decoquinate-resistance was evident in several species during the rearing of the first decoquinate-medicated crop on each farm, although clinical coccidiosis did not occur. It was concluded that inherently resistant mutants of E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. tenella, and probably also E. mitis and E. praecox, were selected from field populations by 6 weeks during their first exposure to decoquinate. During up to four more subsequent crops, cycling of resistant parasites stimulated host immunity, which had no obvious adverse impact on commercial performance. There was no apparent seasonal effect. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the sudden and rapid emergence of quinolone-resistance in the coccidia, and why bird health was not thereby compromised in these circumstances.     

吉林西部新开水田生物有机肥筛选报告

为促进吉林省西部盐碱地水稻开发,筛选适宜当地新开田的生物有机肥品牌,做此试验。通过对水稻生育性状、产量、病害情况调查,总结出适合当地施用的两种生物有机肥料,以期为稻农正确选用有机肥产品提供科学依据。     

Users’ Reactions to the Primer on Tree Registration Policies: Lessons for Designing Extension Materials and Improving Information Flow

In the Philippines, only a few farmers and plantation owners register their tree farms with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the office in charge of tree registration. One of the major reasons is their lack of knowledge of government policy on tree registration. To help improve the flow of information and understanding of tree registration policies among smallholder tree farmers and other stakeholders, a Primer on Tree Registration, Harvesting, Transport and Marketing Policies on Private Land was developed. Produced through the participation of stakeholders, including tree farmers, the DENR, and local government officers, police, and timber dealers, the Primer is highly visual and has been released in English as well as Waray–Waray and Cebuano dialects. This paper reports findings of focus group discussions conducted to gauge user reactions to the Primer. The Primer was considered as a valuable source of information about tree registration policies. Aside from being comprehensible, FGD participants found it attractive, perceived it to be intended for them and free from content that confused them. However, farmers suggested that illustrations need to be improved by making the persons portrayed more presentable and reflective of their actual tree farm operations. Participants said that aside from the Primer, the flow of information on tree registration policies could be improved through the use of multi-media including posters, radio broadcasts, and presentation in seminars for farmers.     

不同水分条件下常规尿素和控释尿素对玉米根冠生长及产量的影响

为了进一步探讨控释尿素在玉米上的应用效果, 于2006—2007年在防雨棚中, 应用郑单958进行了池栽试验。在不同水分条件下, 比较了施用常规尿素和控释尿素后, 玉米各生育阶段的根系活力、植株生长及籽粒产量。与常规尿素(全部基施和基施+小喇叭口期追施)相比, 地上部干重、叶面积指数开花前较低, 开花后较高;成熟期籽粒产量显著高于不施氮对照和两个常规尿素处理, 生物产量显著高于不施氮对照和常规尿素全部基施处理。从籽粒产量看, 维持土壤田间最大持水量的50%时, 控释尿素处理分别比常规尿素全部基施处理和分次施处理高27.3%和12.1%;维持土壤田间最大持水量的75%时, 分别比常规尿素全部基施处理和分次施处理高17.4%和8.1%。相同氮肥处理, 土壤田间最大持水量维持75%处理比维持50%处理籽粒产量和生物产量平均分别高20.6%和17.0%, 差异均达极显著水平。与常规尿素处理相比, 控释尿素处理花前根系数量、活性和根冠比均较低, 但花后三者能维持较高水平。可见, 控释尿素对玉米生长具有明显的“前控后保”效果;控释尿素与水分对玉米产量的耦合效应高于常规尿素, 其原因是生育后期能维持较高的根系数量及活性, 促进地上部干物质积累和转移。     

“腐必帖”防治苹果树腐烂病新方法的研究

[目的]寻找一种具有杀菌、抑菌、阻止病菌侵入、加速伤口愈合等作用的药剂。[方法]筛选出12.5%烯唑醇WP和EM稀释液的最佳有效浓度,然后对其进行＂腐必帖＂式田间药效试验。[结果]有效浓度相同时,12.5%烯唑醇对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制力最好,其ED50、ED90、ED95是40%福美砷各值的16.67、15.33和15.33倍,是5%菌毒清各值的6.00、4.22和3.88倍。EM液的ED50、ED90、ED95分别为4.37‰、15.22‰和21.67‰。12.5%烯唑醇400、500倍液的平均伤口愈合率高于50.46%,相对防效为92.54;EM液50倍液的平均伤口愈合率为49.22%,相对防效为87.43,它们的效果明显优于其他药剂。用12.5%烯唑醇400、500倍液和EM液50倍液处理的伤口复发率为5.0%,防效为87.4%。[结论]该研究为防治苹果树腐烂病提供了一个新途径。     

7种杀虫剂防治烟蚜药效研究

[目的]筛选出对烟蚜防治效果好的杀虫剂。[方法]以虫口减退率和防治效果为评价指标,在田间对3%啶虫脒EC、5%吡虫啉EC、24%灭多威AS、0.5%苦参碱AS、灭蚜宁DP、25%噻虫嗪WG和40%氧乐果EC 7种药剂防治烟蚜进行了筛选试验,清水为对照。[结果]7种药剂中,以5%吡虫啉EC 750 g/hm2对烟蚜防治效果最好,药后3、5、7 d对烟蚜校正防效均超过90%,与除3%啶虫脒EC500 g/hm2外的其余药剂校正防效差异达到显著性水平;3%啶虫脒EC 500 g/hm2防效次之,药后5、7 d防效与0.5%苦参碱AS 1 250g/hm2、40%氧乐果EC 937.5 g/hm2差异达到显著性水平。[结论]5%吡虫啉EC与3%啶虫脒EC用于防治烟蚜速效性强,持效期长,显著优于对照药剂氧乐果的防效,是防治烟蚜的理想药剂,且对烟株安全,可在烟草上推广使用。     

荔波县野生蔬菜资源利用现状和保护措施

分析了荔波县野生蔬菜资源利用现状;采用野外调查和市场调查2种方法,对该县野生蔬菜的种类、食用部位、数量、价格、口感、加工方法、人们的喜好等情况进行了调查。结果表明：荔波县农贸市场上野生蔬菜种类丰富,且属于村民自发开发;不少蔬菜种类因当地群众认识不足而尚未开发利用。提出了加强野生蔬菜开发利用的措施。