Reaction of Oilseed Rape Cultivars to Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Field Environments

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, as an ubiquitous phytopathogenic Ascomycete fungus capable of infecting a wide range of plants, has increased in importance for oilseed rape production worldwide in recent years. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of two measurements of disease rating in predicting the field reaction of cultivars to sclerotinia stem rot. One hundred and ten cultivars or lines of oilseed rape were repeatedly evaluated the disease severity index (DSI) and lesion length for their resistance to nine isolates of S. sclerotiorum in two field stations.There were greatly significant differences between two stations, among isolates, among population of cultivars for the disease severity index and lesion length, and also significant station×isolate interaction for lesion length and population×isolate interactions for DSI and lesion length, but interactions of station×isolate for DSI were not significant.Cultivars such as Pomorzanin and Lisek consistently had the lowest disease severity ratings in the field tests. However,most of cultivars were susceptible to sclerotinia stem rot in the field test. A positive correlation between the mean DSI and lesion length was found for both isolates (Sc23 and B1). The correlations ranged from 0.23 to 0.83 at various plots, with nine of the twelve correlations significant. The correlations for disease caused by different fungal isolates were statistically significant difference. These correlations ranged from -0.44 to 0.90, with nine of the thirty-two correlations significant. It indicated that resistance to some isolates was significantly correlated and selection of some varieties for resistance to one isolate appeared to improve resistance to other isolates.     

山东茶山植物群落结构及物种多样性

茶山地处鲁东南地区,为全面了解其植物群落结构及物种多样性,2006年7月和10月对茶山植物群落结构及物种多样性进行野外调查,记录到高等植物352种,隶属90科250属,获得标准样方11个,面积6 600 m2。样方数据显示,该区域乔木种类匮乏,乔木层平均物种数2.55,Shannon-Wiener指数平均值0.48;灌木层平均物种数10.55,Shannon-Wiener指数平均值1.68。该区域受人为干扰影响显著,正处于群落演替早期,物种多样性偏低。     

高肥地小麦再高产综合农艺措施初探

采用五因素二次正交旋转组合设计试验方法,在高肥地对优良小麦新品种临麦2号的主要栽培措施基施纯N量、追施纯N量、P2O5、K2O及基本苗等与小麦产量间的量化关系进行系统研究,通过对建立的产量数学模型的优化与解析,明确了影响高肥地小麦产量的关键因子及实现高产高效优化栽培的综合农艺措施。结果表明,该五因素与其密切相关,增施氮磷肥是实现临麦2号优化栽培的关键,增施磷肥更益于氮肥肥效的发挥,实现优质小麦新品种临麦2号高产高效优化栽培的综合农艺措施是:每公顷基本苗181.8万￣229.2万,基施纯氮量121.95￣141.3kg,P2O5195kg,K2O33.75￣60.75kg,小麦起身期结合浇水追施纯氮71.7￣83.7kg。     

Is it economically feasible to harvest by management zone?

The economics of harvesting wheat based on input management zones in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia was studied using a simulated field of regular dimensions with varying zone sizes and layouts. Fertilizer application rates and crop yield and quality data from field trials of input management were used to estimate the gross crop revenue and harvesting costs from the different field layouts and zone combinations. As a general observation there was no consistency in the results; harvesting by zone generated more gross income in some combinations of field layout and yield quantity scenarios, but not in others. However, there were key factors in determining whether it was profitable to harvest by zone. These were prior knowledge of the potential yield and quality characteristics of grain from each zone in a field, and the layout of zones within a field.     

施肥对白背飞虱田间种群和水稻产量的影响研究

本文分析了氮、磷、钾化肥及农家肥对白背飞虱田间种群和水稻产量的影响.结果表明:氮素化肥是影响白背飞虱田间种群数量变动的主导因素,磷肥对白背飞虱的发生亦有一定的推动作用,农家肥和钾肥对白背飞虱有微弱的抑制作用.多施氮素化肥,即使配合施用较多的其它肥料,也不能减少田间虫口密度.较多的农家肥配合少量的氮素化肥,既可以减少白背飞虱田间发生量,又有利于提高水稻产量.     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫田间分布型及抽样技术研究初报

以聚集指标及Iwao回归、Talor回归确定韭菜田韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫的田间分布状态。结果表明,韭菜田韭菜迟眼蕈蚊幼虫呈聚集分布,服从负二项分布型,幼虫的聚集是由生物习性造成的。u统计量分析表明,韭菜田较为理想的抽样方式有Z字形、棋盘式和平行线法。10点、12点、14点抽样数据的离散度小,8点抽样误差大。     

远离城镇小尺度的农田土地利用变化分析——以北涝沟村为例

参照参与性农村评估法,对北涝沟村进行了多次实地考察,获取了可靠的土地利用变化的研究资料,应用转移矩阵和生态分析等研究方法对远离城镇的北涝沟村的土地利用变化及未来趋势和生态价值做了分析。结果表明:水田已经成为该村主要的土地利用类型,由旱地向水田的转化是其土地利用变化的主要特点。土地利用结构的变化提高了生态系统的服务功能和价值,并继续向着良好的方向发展。这为远离城镇小尺度的农田土地利用以及生态变化的人为调控和建设提供科学依据。     

Effect of all-trans-retinoic acid on the proliferation and expression of α-SMA in human embryonic lung fibroblasts

AIM: To investigate the effects of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) on the proliferation and differentiation of transforming growth factor β₁(TGF-β₁)-stimulated human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HFL-I).METHODS: The HFL-I cells were cultured in vitro and were pretreated with ATRA for 3 days at the concentrations of 0.1 μmol/L, 1 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L. The proliferation of HFL-1 cells was detected by MTT method. The mRNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) in HFL-I cells stimulated with TGF-β₁ for 0 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h was detected by RT-PCR and the protein expression of α-SMA at the time points of 1,3 and 5 days was detected by Western blotting. The mRNA expression of α-SMA in HFL-I cells pretreated with different concentrations of ATRA for 24 h was detected the by RT-PCR and the protein expression at time point of 3rd day was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS: Different concentration of ATRA inhibited the proliferation of HFL-I in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Both mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA in HFL-I cells pretreated with TGF-β₁ was up-regulated (P<0.05). ATRA down-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA induced by TGF-β₁ in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: ATRA inhibits the proliferation and TGF-β₁-stimulated differentiation in HFL-I cells by down-regulating the mRNA and protein expression of α-SMA.     

The contribution of rock fragments to the available water content of stony soils: Proposition of new pedotransfer functions

The contribution of rock fragments to the soil available water content (SAWC) of stony soil has been quantified by measurements of bulk density and gravimetric water content at different water potentials on rock fragments of different lithologies: flints, cherts, chalks, gaizes and limestones. More than 1000 pebbles (2 cm < equivalent diameter of the rock fragment < 5 cm) have been sampled in stony soils developed from each of the five lithologies. We demonstrated that the water content at saturation of the studied pebbles was equal to the water content at −100 hPa and to the water content at field capacity. A linear relationship between the water content at −100 hPa and at −15,840 hPa enabled to derive a simple pedotransfer function to determine the available water content of the rock fragments. We also proposed a second simple pedotransfer function, which expresses the available water content from the dry bulk density of the rock fragments only. A simulation at the horizon scale for a loamy-clay stony horizon showed that the SAWC could be strongly misjudged when the rock fragments were not taken into account: for a stony horizon containing 30% of pebbles, the SAWC is underestimated by 5% for chert pebbles and by 33% for chalk pebbles.     

Measured and simulated denitrification activity in a cropped sandy and loamy soil

Summary Denitrification activities were measured over a 3-year period in a coarse sandy soil and a sandy loam soil. In all years the crops were spring barley in combination with Italian ryegrass as a catch crop. The denitrification loss was measured using the acetylene inhibition technique on soil cores. Furthermore, a simple model was developed, based on daily values of soil moisture and soil temperature, to calculate the denitrification loss. Soil temperatures for the model were measured, whereas soil moisture was derived from a water-balance model. Measurements of denitrification gave an annual loss of 0.6 kg N ha^-1, and the model calculated a loss of 1–2 kg N ha^-1 in the coarse sandy soil. In the sandy loam soil annual losses were measured as 1.5, 3.0, and 13.0 kg N ha^-1 in 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively. The corresponding values from the model simulation were 14, 9 and 14 kg N ha^-1.