Comparison of pedigree selection and single seed descent for oil yield in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Summary Four populations of linseed derived from five parents were advanced from the F₂ to the F₆ generation by SSD and to the F₅ by pedigree selection. These populations were used to compare the efficiency of the two methods in order to provide superior genotypes with respect to grain yield and oil content, i.e. oil yield. The results showed minimum differences between pedigree and SSD lines for grain yield, where in only one cross the SSD lines were significantly superior to the pedigree lines. Since pedigree selection was carried out for both, seed yield and oil content, a positive response to selection was expected. However, early selection for yield, a character with low heritability, was not successful. On the contrary, significant differences for oil content were detected between the two groups of lines in three of the four crosses studied. In these cases the pedigree lines were superior to the SSD lines. These results demonstrate that strict selection in early generations for oil content, a character with comparatively high heritability, is feasible and successful in linseed. However, selection for seed yield should be postponed to later inbred generations. Consequently, in breeding for maximum oil yield of linseed a two-step selection procedure is recommended.Abbreviations PS pedigree selection - SSD single seed descent - TGW thousand grain weight     

冬小麦对不同土壤水分的生理和形态响应

采用深桶栽培结合测坑法，从冬小麦反青至蜡熟期保持不同的土壤水分，分生育期对小麦的形态、生理和根系进行了测定。结果表明：调控土壤水分可明显改变冬小麦根、冠生长量比率。适宜的土壤水分胁迫（田持的５０％－６０％）可促进冬小麦根系发育，高土壤水分更有利于地上部生长。土壤水分长期低于田间持水量的６０％时，较显著地叶片的增大，从而减小截获光能的总叶面积，最终降低生物学产量和经济产量。土壤水分由“田持”的４６％升高到５５％，光合速率增幅不大，由５５％提高到６４％，光合速率出现跃迁式增高，土壤水分超过６４％后，光合速率几乎为等值。说明光合作用对土壤水分存在一个“阈值”反应，此值为土壤田间持水量的６５％左右。冬小麦的蒸腾速率随土壤水分递增而一直递增；综合考虑蒸腾速率与光合速率及水分利用效率之间关系，可以得出高土壤水分条件下冬小麦存在奢侈蒸腾耗水现象。     

番木瓜植株镁钾含量变化与缺钾叶枯病的关系

采用田间调查、采样及其室内分析与田间试验相结合的方法,在低钾而高镁的土壤上,从植株各个部位探索番木瓜植株镁、钾营养变化对其生理性缺钾叶枯症的影响。结果表明,番木瓜叶枯症的发生,除与土壤有效钾缺乏有关外,Mg/K比值过高也是导致该症发生的一个重要原因。发生缺钾叶枯病的番木瓜植株,其根、茎、叶片、叶柄等器官含镁量均明显提高,施用钾肥后不但提高了植株的含K量,而且能抑制番木瓜植株对镁的吸收,从而协调平衡Mg/K比值,生理性缺钾叶枯症得到有效控制。     

百花山山地土壤中有机质的垂直分布规律

本文测定了北京百花山山地典型土壤剖面各发生层的有机质含量、腐殖酸组分、可见光谱,利用相关分析方法计算了有机质与海拔高度之间的相关系数。结果表明:有机质与海拔高度的相关系数为0.94,,呈显著相关水平;各剖面土壤腐殖质分析结果表明,该山地土壤的HA/FA值、E4/E6值随着海拔高度的升高而呈现上升趋势。     

高产香蕉平衡施肥技术研究

在肥力较高的老蕉园进行平衡施肥技术研究。结果表明:当第一造蕉氮肥用量达到1000kg/hm2以上及氮钾肥施肥比例N K2O为1 1 15时,香蕉抽蕾提前,蕉果农艺性状及品质较好,产量达到52 5t/hm2的高产水平,获得较好的经济效益;随着施钾比例的增加,香蕉的营养生长受到一定的限制,农艺性状及品质均变差,产量及经济效益均有所下降。在土壤Mg/K=1 37的情况下增施镁肥,香蕉的营养生长受到一定影响,蕉果的农艺性状下降,但固形物与可溶糖含量提高,产量及经济效益明显降低;施用硫肥对香蕉的生长及产量影响不大,但由于增加了肥料成本而使经济效益有所下降。     

基于湖泊(水库)沉积物分析的土壤侵蚀研究

土壤侵蚀作为全球性的环境问题之一,受自然和人为因素的共同影响。而湖泊(水库)沉积物作为流域物质迁移的“汇”,可以连续、高分辨率地记录流域土壤侵蚀的信息。通过湖泊沉积指标的研究,可以反演流域土壤侵蚀过程、演化规律。与流域人类活动、气候变化等自然因素综合分析,可对流域土壤侵蚀发生机制等做出科学论断,为目前水土流失治理等提供参考依据。介绍了基于湖泊(水库)沉积物的放射性同位素示踪研究、矿物与磁性分析、粒度分析、孢粉、元素地球化学分析方法应用于土壤侵蚀的研究进展,并对其应用前景做了瞻望。     

Functional diversity of microbial communities in the mixed boreal plain forest of central Canada

This study was designed to examine whether or not specific tree species (Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Pinus banksiana, Populus tremuloides), their post-fire stand age, or their position in a successional pathway had any significant effect on the functional diversity of associated soil microbial communities in a typical mixed boreal forest ecosystem (Duck Mountain Provincial Forest, Manitoba, Canada). Multivariate analyses designed to identify significant biotic and/or abiotic variables associated with patterns of organic substrate utilization (assessed using the BIOLOG™ System) revealed the overall similarity in substrate utilization by the soil microbial communities. The five clusters identified differed mainly by their substrate-utilization value rather than by specific substrate utilization. Variability in community functional diversity was not strongly associated to tree species or post-fire stand age; however, redundancy analysis indicated a stronger association between substrate utilization and successional pathway and soil pH. For example, microbial communities associated with the relatively high pH soils of the P. tremuloides-P. glauca successional pathway, exhibited a greater degree of substrate utilization than those associated with the P. banksiana-P. mariana successional pathway and more acidic soils. Differences in functional diversity specific to tree species were not observed and this may have reflected the mixed nature of the forest stands and of their heterogeneous forest floor. In a densely treed, mixed boreal forest ecosystem, great overlap in tree and understory species occur making it difficult to assign a definitive microbial community to any particular tree species. The presence of P. tremuloides in all stand types and post fire stand ages has probably contributed to the large amount of overlap in utilization profiles among soil samples.     

用生物素标记核酸探针检测鸭瘟病毒DNA的研究

用生物素-11-脱氧尿苷三磷酸(Biotin-11-dUTP),通过缺口平移法标记提纯的鸭瘟病毒 DNA,制备生物素化鸭瘟病毒 DNA 全基因组探针;以斑点杂交检测固定在硝酸纤维膜上的样品鸭瘟病毒 DNA 同源序列,杂交后用亲和素-碱性磷酸酶孵育,底物显色,阳性反应呈蓝紫色斑点。试验结果表明,生物素标记核酸探针可检出10pg 提纯的鸭瘟病毒DNA,并检出稀释10~5倍和肝组织鸭瘟病毒 DNA;对鸡马立克氏病毒 DNA,鸡痘病毒DNA 和噬菌体 DNA 无杂交反应;对鸭瘟病毒弱毒 DNA 产生微弱杂交。该技术具有快速、敏感、特异和无放射污染等优点。     

基于面向对象的元数据库设计实现网络地理空间元数据管理系统

阐述了地理空间元数据的组织结构,分析了已有元数据组织和管理模式的不足。剖析了地理空间元数据的“对象”特性,然后以面向对象的思想对地理空间元数据重新加以认识和描述,提出了基于面向对象方法的地理空间元数据组织和管理模式,克服了已有模式的不足。在此基础上设计实现了一个B/S三层体系结构的水利地理空间元数据管理系统,实现了相应的浏览、录入、查询和编辑等功能,大大提高了元数据使用和管理上的效率。     

塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定硼的方法研究

采用 Sr-Ni-Al-Mg 混合液为基体改进剂,研究了塞曼石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定硼的方法.试验表明,使用本混合基体改进剂,抗干扰能力强,大大挺高硼的吸收信号,线性范围较宽(0.2～10μg/mLB),并且在线性范围内彻底消除了硼的记忆效应.方法的特征量为100pg/0.0044A·S.