常州市城市内河常见鱼类资源及保护的研究

为了更好的评价常州城市内河治理后的生态环境。于2012年8—12月连续3次对江苏省常州市新北区运北水系的三井河、柴支浜河、北塘河、通济河、澡港河进行了常见鱼类群落调查。调查共捕获鱼类331尾、3523.55 g,隶属3目3科11属12种。鲤形目中的鲫（餐）、贝氏（餐）为优势种（IRI≥1000）,似鳊、麦穗、乌鳢等为常见种（IRI≥100）,合鳃目中黄鳝等为稀有种（IRI≤100）。Margalef丰富度指数以4#易买得最高,达到1.924,而1#塘北桥,7#勤丰桥为较高,以11#通济河西为最低;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以7#勤丰桥最高,达到1.431,而10#三井河桥,1#塘北桥为较高,以13#通济河东为最低;Pielou＇s Evenness Index均匀度指数以3#三井桥最高,达到0.978,而10#三井河桥,1#塘北桥为较高,以13#通济河东为最低;多样性指数和均匀度指数与高锰酸盐指数、BOD5、石油类、总氮、氨氮等环境因子呈显著负相关关系,多样性指数和发光细菌急性毒性及丰富度指数呈显著正相关关系。鱼类种类调查结果可为常州市运河鱼类资源保护和利用提供参考,同时也为生态环境的修复进展提供有力证明。     

搞好水土保持 再造秀美山川

“九五”以来 ,陕西的水土保持治理速度加快 ,重点流域治理取得成效 ,农业基础设施得到改善 ,初步形成区域主导产业。基本做法是加强组织领导 ,统一思想认识 ,把责任落在实处 ;坚持小流域综合治理 ,实现生态、社会、经济效益三统一 ;认真实施生态建设工程 ;深化产权制度改革 ,调动全社会治理水土流失积极性。     

Estimating Sediment Delivery Ratios for Grassed Waterways using WEPP

Grassed waterways (GWWs) transport sediment and nutrients from upland source areas to receiving waters. Watershed planners have a critical need to understand GWW sediment delivery to optimally target source area management practices. Better physically based tools are needed to estimate sediment delivery by GWWs. This study developed several distributed sediment delivery ratio (SDR) regressions for GWWs using the process‐based Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to provide simple equations to estimate sediment delivery for planning applications. Water Erosion Prediction Project was calibrated and validated for runoff and sediment yield for large 30.2‐ha and smaller 5·7‐ha nested watersheds with terraces and a common GWW outlet. A crop rotation of corn, oat and alfalfa and fall tillage using chisel plow were used in the nested watersheds. A hypothetical management case without terraces using corn, oat and alfalfa rotation with chisel plow as fall tillage was also evaluated for the 5·7‐ha watershed and the GWW. The length, slope, Manning's roughness coefficient and infiltration rate for the GWW were varied and SDRs calculated for 30 representative (in terms of daily rainfall) days over a 20‐year period of simulated climate. Regressions were developed for the existing (terraced) and hypothetical (non‐terraced) management scenarios for early (April–July), late (August–October) and full (April–October) growing seasons. Equations developed for the non‐terrace watershed had higher R ² values compared to the terraced watershed suggesting that channel and rainfall parameters were better able to explain the variation in SDR for the non‐terraced watershed. Manning's roughness coefficient was the most significant parameter for predicting SDR for both the terraced and non‐terraced watersheds. The equations developed here can be used to estimate SDRs for watersheds that are drained via GWWs having similar physical characteristics: slope (1–5%), Mannings's roughness coefficient (0·1–0·3), length (0·15–1 km) and infiltration rate (0·025–25 mm h⁻¹). The SDRs can be used to estimate sediment yield, which is an essential element for making land management decisions but is rarely measured. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Managing natural resources of watersheds in the semi-arid tropics for improved soil and water quality: A review

Soil, water and production systems constitute the most important natural resources of a watershed in the rainfed agro-ecosystem; and for sustainability of the production systems they need to be in harmony with the environment. To learn from the past research, a review is made of literature on the impact of natural resource management practices on soil and water quality in the semi-arid tropical regions of India. The results from long-term on station field experiments show that an integrated use of soil and water conservation practices with balanced plant nutrition can not only sustain increased productivity but also maintain soil quality at the watershed or catchment level. Natural resource management practices that conserve soil and water also help to maintain surface and groundwater quality. The changes in soil and water quality, as impacted by natural resource management practices, need to be monitored and assessed on a continuing basis as the outcome of such research offers valuable opportunity for the implementation of corrective management practices, as and when needed.     

Conservation of Aquatic Biodiversity in China

本文探讨了中国目前水生生物多样性的状况。人类活动已对水生物的生存环境造成严重影响 ,面对生物多样性的丧失 ,我们应设法保护它。本文在保护水生生物多样性方面提出了一个新的观点 ,从保护流域生态环境入手以保护水生生物多样性     

我国渔业水域环境保护与管理的法律制度评析

我国渔业水域环境保护与管理的基本法律制度初步形成于20世纪80年代,90年代以来有所调整和加强,在综合性水环境保护和管理制度基础上,初步形成了渔业水域环境监测和评价制度、渔业水质标准制度、渔业污染事故调查处理和赔偿制度、渔业水域生态环境损害预防、补救和赔偿制度等专门的渔业水域环境保护与管理制度,法律制度建设初见成效,但仍存在一定的问题：（1）与《海洋环境保护法》、《水污染防治法》、《渔业法》中有关基本法律规定相配套的法规不完整,致使法律制度的可执行性较差。（2）部分重要的法律规定不明确,存在执行上的困难或无法执行。（3）现有法律制度未能严格执行。（4）一些重要的法律制度不健全。建议应进行渔业水域环境保护与管理的综合性专项立法;尽快修改或重新制定《渔业法》、《水污染防治法》的实施细则或实施条例;严格执行现有的法律制度;积极探索公众参与渔业水域环境保护和监管的制度与机制。     

养殖水域水面冷却对流过程的数值实验

以简单矩形水域为例,利用数值实验方法,定量探讨了具有自由水面的养殖水域由于水面冷却而引起的对流演变的过程。考虑湖泊等养殖水域的流速、水深等特征值的一般大小,数值计算中的Re、Gr、Pr分别取为8000、500000和10。计算结果显示,水面冷却对流可分为对流发生、发展和稳定三个阶段,各阶段流场及温度场的演变规律均受水面有效势能分配于扩散及对流的热输送比例变化的影响,并形成与之相对应的对流涡、温度等值线的分布特征。水面冷却对流最终形成与水深相当的大对流涡,温度等值线由对流发生当初的水平等值线几乎完全变成垂直等值线,上下层水得到充分交换。     

黑龙江中游与乌苏里江大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchusketa Walbaum)生殖群体的比较

1999～ 2 0 0 0年对乌苏里江和黑龙江中游大麻哈鱼 (Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum )生殖群体进行了调查 ,分析了其形态特征、生物学特性及群体结构。采用形态学和生态学方法对乌苏里江和黑龙江大麻哈鱼生殖群体进行了种群鉴别。结果表明 ,乌苏里江大麻哈鱼较黑龙江大麻哈鱼吻短、眼大、鳞大、尾柄粗短、背鳍位置稍偏前 ,且背鳍条和臀鳍条均少。各龄鱼的体长生长速度明显快于洄游至黑龙江的大麻哈鱼 ,但肥满度较低 ,性成熟早 ,繁殖力低。产卵群体个体小并以 4龄鱼占优势 ,其各龄组体长、体重均高于黑龙江群体的同龄组鱼 ;而上溯至黑龙江的大麻哈鱼产卵群体的个体大 ,以 5龄鱼为主 ,其肥满度、成熟系数及怀卵量则均高于乌苏里江产卵群体。比较乌苏里江和黑龙江大麻哈鱼群体的生物特征和群体组成 ,其差异显著 ,二者应为两个不同的地理种群或生态群体。     

西气东输管道漂浮法穿越江南水网

介绍了西气东输管道工程施工中首次采用漂浮法穿越江南水网的施工工艺，这种方法具有缩短工期和降低工程造价的特点，总结了该方法的施工经验，可为类似该水网地质条件的管道施工提供参考。