关于碱性水域水化因子与渔业利用问题的探讨

根据1986～1992年对三勇水库、敖包泡等几个碱性水域的渔业状况及水化学观测的结果,总结了养鱼水域碱度的高限指标。提出碱度16 mmol·L~(-1)(pH9.24)是可进行鲤、草、鲢精养的碱度上限。碱度在18 mmol·L~(-1)(pH9.42)以上的水域要选择耐碱鱼类养殖。鲢鳙在此水域中不能存活。     

渔业水域调查采样点智能生成系统的研究与实现

利用Visual Basic结合ActiveX组件MapX对渔业调查水域进行采样点智能规划的技术、方法和开发流程进行了介绍.所生成的模块能提供以网格为单元对渔业调查水域进行科学规划,实现各调查样区的无缝联结.该系统操作简便,突出了专业特色,节省了购买和学习地理信息系统软件的成本.该模块被应用于太湖水质调查中,通过与用户交互自动生成以网格为单元的采样点及相应的地理坐标参数,为解决传统采样点布设方法中缺乏地理坐标界定的缺陷提供了理想的解决方案.在后期渔业水域调查数据统计中,亦可利用该系统对空间数据和水域调查数据进行管理与统计,自动生成和输出基于调查数据空间分布的专题图.     

浙江南部外海渔场鱼类区系特征研究

根据2006年5月--2007年2月在浙江南部外海渔场使用单拖网开展渔业资源调查所获的鱼类样品,初步研究分析了该海域鱼类种类组成和区系特征。结果表明：浙江南部外海渔场调查海域共有鱼类205种,其中硬骨鱼类为195种,软骨鱼类为10种,隶属于20目,85科,145属。大多数为暖水性种类,共有135种,占鱼类总种数的65.9%;暖温性种类次之,共有67种,占鱼类总种数的32.7%;冷温性种类较少,仅3种,占鱼类总种数的1.5%。鱼类区系属印度-西太平洋区的中-日亚区,其区系关系与我国南海的关系最为密切,其次是是日本,而与黄海、渤海关系较疏远。在调查所得的鱼类中,以底层鱼类所占比重最大,为65.9%,近底层鱼类次之,占15.6%,岩礁性鱼类、中上层鱼类分别占9.8%、8.8%。经济价值较高、捕捞产量较好的重要种类主要是刺鲳、竹筴鱼、短鳍红娘鱼、带鱼、黄鳍马面鲀等。     

基于“OOAO原则”的罗源湾生态质量状况综合评价

由于福建沿海经济的快速发展以及近岸海域开发利用的不断升级,位于福建省东北部的罗源湾面临着越来越大的人为环境压力,包括生境的破坏、港口活动、城镇生活废水、工农业废水排放、人工养殖等.综合评价罗源湾生态质量状况,为研究区受到的人为扰动和污染强度的分级评价提供依据,在对退化的生态系统进行有效修复和管理的相关决策中起着重要的作用.以欧盟水框架指令中近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价体系为参照,结合我国的近岸海域监测项目以及收集到的资料,对该指标体系进行了调整,同时建立了罗源湾专属的生态要素和物理化学要素参考基准值,基于“One-out all-out (OOAO)”原则(即所有要素中的最低等级作为综合评价的等级)对罗源湾的生态质量状况进行了综合评价,并通过与人为环境压力分布的一致性分析,对评价结果的合理性和客观性进行验证.建立的参考基准值中,部分指标的参考基准值与国内外的相关研究或标准有着一定的差异,说明目前我国采用统一的评价标准并不合适.综合评价结果中,罗源湾9个站位中1个站位等级为“良”,其余8个站位及海域平均状况等级都为“中”,存在明显的污染和人为扰动,生态系统出现一定程度的退化.对评价结果的验证表明,除个别站位外,评价等级基本与人为环境压力一致,说明调整后的近岸海域生态质量状况综合评价指标体系、建立的罗源湾专属参考基准值以及基于“OOAO原则”的综合评价方法,能够较客观地评价研究区域的生态质量状况.     

Discussion of the Application and Foreground of Falling Water Aeration with the Process of Sewage Treatment

The engineering design of sewage treatment plant for the Chongqing city, P. R. China is analyzed in this paper. Considering the situation of China and other projects, the characteristics of falling water reactor for the environment protection project and economy of investment is introduced ; the application and foreground of falling water aeration in the process of sewage treatment is discussed, such as Oxidation - ditch, SBR, and so on. The conclusion indicated that the falling water aeration can be designed and used as an independent aeration, and, it is an upgraded technology of sewage treatment which is adaptive for city water environment control in middle and small towns in China. The falling water aeration may reduce running cost of the sewage treatment plant, is adaptive for foothill and the mountainous areas, and reduces project investment and environments damage.     

细分外推与模糊预测在近海水质非线性时序处理中的比较分析

近海水质非线性时间序列通常由于采集范围大、时间间隔长带有一定震荡性和模糊性,这使得对其进行分析与预测有一定的难度。本研究中以某近海水质指标磷酸盐(PO3-4-P)、硝酸盐(NO-3-N)、亚硝酸盐(NO-2-N)、铵盐(TNH+4-N)和硅酸盐(Si O2-3-Si)所形成的5种时间序列为例,采用逼近细分模式导出的细分外推法和多参考加权数据的模糊预测法对近海水质时序预测进行了比较分析,并通过图形与误差计算比较了两种方法的异同。结果表明:采用细分外推法预测序列在整体形状上能更好地逼近初始时序,而模糊预测法在整体逼近精度上占有优势。本研究中提出的预测比较方法可为同类问题的预测与模型选取提供参考依据。     

Extensive study on forest runoff water chemistry over east Asia

The chemistry of runoff waters from 13 forested watersheds in six regions (four regions from Japan, one from southern China and one from northern Thailand) was evaluated. The Cl⁻ concentrations in runoff waters were higher in those watersheds which had closed canopies and were nearer to the ocean. The NO₃ ⁻ concentrations were higher in those watersheds having the developed soils and high moisture conditions, but were lower in tropical and subtropical regions for those watersheds which had high rates of nitrogen uptake and for watersheds with large areas of saturated soils. The SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were affected by SO₄ ²⁻ adsorption properties of the soils: at Shibecha, Jiulianshan, and Chiang Mai with high adsorption capacities SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations in streams were low. High SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were found at Mt. Hiei and Kagawa due to the weathering of sulfur minerals and high levels of atmospheric sulfur deposition. Within regions SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations were inversely related to NO₃ ⁻ concentrations. A comparison among the watersheds suggested H⁺ consumption in deeper soil that increased pH and HCO₃ ⁻ concentrations of the runoff waters of some watersheds. Anion concentrations increased with low H.I. (Humidity Index) values suggesting that dry conditions increased concentrations due to high rates of evapotranspiration.     

基于耳石微元素的浙江南部近海银姑鱼生境履历重建

浙江南部近海是我国重要的渔场水域,银姑鱼是该海域中常见的经济鱼类。为了探究银姑鱼在个体发育过程中栖息环境的变化史,本研究基于调查海域采集的银姑鱼耳石样品,运用ICP-MS测定耳石微结构的Sr、Ca等微量元素,通过分析Sr/Ca比值研究银姑鱼的栖息环境变动,结果表明浙江南部近海的银姑鱼Sr/Ca比值变化范围在3.39×10-3-8.12×10-3之间,存在咸淡水定居型和咸淡水-海水混合型两种生境类型,另外Sr元素也被证实能较好地示踪鱼类的生境履历。     

Isolation of two strains of a new Tombusvirus (Havel river virus, HaRV) from surface waters in Germany

Two virus isolates from water samples — one from a small stream in South Western Germany and another one from the Havel river in North Eastern Germany c. 500 km away, proved to be strains, named S and H, respectively, of a new Tombusvirus for which the name Havel river virus (HaRV) had been suggested previously in a brief account. Immunoelectron microscopical decoration tests and sequence comparisons of the coat proteins indicated that the two HaRV strains are only distantly related to known Tombusviruses. The closest relationships were found to Cucumber necrosis virus. Nothing is known about their natural hosts. Because the S strain of HaRV was isolated in a woody area from a small stream close to its origin, they may be pathogens of trees or wild plants in such habitats.     

新西兰海域双柔鱼的生物学研究

本文对分布在新西兰周围海域的双柔鱼生物学特性作了分析,通过回归获得雌雄个体的各种体重与胴长的关系,不同海区的渔获物组成不一,整个海域以夏生群和秋生群为主。１～４月摄食等级为０级的比例均在３０％以上,２～３级约３０％,小型群体的空胃率比饱满率稍高,而大型群体０～１级的摄食等级比例９０％以上。渔获物性别组成生长初期接近１∶１,成长期雄性个体的比例略占优势,繁殖期雌性个体占优势。还对雌雄个体的各种性腺指数与胴长、体重的关系及性腺指数与性成熟度的对应关系等作了分析