林下药材植物淋出物对太白杨枯落物分解及土壤酶活性的影响

林下种植药材植物是提高林地经济收入的有效途径,然而药材植物淋出物是否会对林木枯落物分解和土壤产生化感影响是必须考虑的重要问题,也是构建科学合理的林药复合模式的关键。以秦岭山区典型太白杨(Populus purdomii)林以及9种常见林下药材植物为对象,通过以药材植物茎叶淋出物(水浸提法)喷浇林木枯落物的分解模拟试验,研究了药材植物淋出物对太白杨枯落物分解、养分释放及土壤酶活性的潜在化感影响。结果表明:蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)浸提液处理后太白杨枯落物分解周转期和半衰期分别延长了230%和29%,薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx)处理后分解周转期和半衰期分别延长了67%和23%,鱼腥草(Houttuynia cordata)处理后分解周转期和半衰期分别延长了120%和34%;且这3种药材植物对太白杨枯落物分解过程中养分(C、N、P、K、Cu、Zn和Mn)释放和土壤酶(蔗糖酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、β-葡糖苷酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶)活性均有显著抑制作用。因此,建议在太白杨林下应该尽量避免种植蒲公英、薄荷和鱼腥草,或者通过降低套种密度来减少药材植物的化感影响。     

低氮胁迫下小麦抑草作用的化感效应与资源竞争分析

化感效应和资源竞争在作物抑草中起重要作用。为区分低氮胁迫下小麦抑草作用的化感效应与资源竞争,以强化感小麦品种‘115/青海麦’、‘92L89’和弱化感小麦‘抗10103’为材料,设置氮水平为25 mg·L-1、50mg·L-1、100 mg·L-1和200 mg·L-1的水培试验,通过小麦与看麦娘共培、应用含小麦根系分泌物的小麦-看麦娘共培液处理看麦娘,分别测定了小麦对看麦娘的生物干扰作用、化感效应及资源竞争效应。结果表明,不同化感潜力的小麦对看麦娘的抑制能力存在显著差异,抑制率大小为‘115/青海麦’(55.1%~73.9%)‘92L89’(48.9%~65.9%)‘抗10103’(15.4%~45.5%),且抑制率随氮水平的降低而增大。在小麦的抑草作用中,化感效应与资源竞争并存。低氮胁迫条件下,强化感小麦抑草能力增强主要通过提高化感效应实现;弱化感小麦抑草能力增强主要通过提高资源竞争实现。不同化感潜力小麦的抑草作用在低氮胁迫下表现出不同的生态策略。小麦抑草作用的化感效应均随氮水平降低而增大,其抑制率随氮水平的变化可用一元二次方程加以拟合。     

邻羟基苯甲酸对不同化感型杉木无性系抗氧化酶活性的化感效应

自毒作用是导致杉木人工林连栽地力衰退、生产力下降的主要原因之一,邻羟基苯甲酸是杉木主要自毒物质之一。以筛选的自毒物质忍耐型杉木无性系(01号)和自毒物质敏感型杉木无性系(02号)组培苗为试验材料,分析邻羟基苯甲酸对2个不同化感型杉木无性系抗氧化酶活性的化感效应,以期为解决杉木连栽障碍提供一条新的生物途径。研究结果表明,邻羟基苯甲酸各胁迫浓度对不同化感型杉木无性系SOD活性的化感效应在胁迫10d、20d表现为促进效应,胁迫30d转变为抑制效应;2个不同化感型杉木无性系SOD活性化感效应的差异主要从胁迫20d开始,01号在胁迫20d促进效应大于02号,30d的抑制效应明显小于02号。各胁迫浓度对2个不同化感型杉木无性系叶片POD及AsA-POD活性的化感效应均表现为促进效应;胁迫第10d、20d时,各胁迫浓度对01号无性系POD活性的促进效应明显大于02号;01号无性系在受到胁迫后AsA-POD活性迅速增强,并在长时间胁迫后仍维持比02号无性系更高的活性;01号无性系PPO活性在各胁迫浓度下均表现为促进效应,而02号无性系则随胁迫时间的延长表现为抑制-促进-抑制的变化特点。     

Sorption of benzoic acid onto soil colloids and its implications for allelopathy studies

The fate of allelochemicals in the soil environment largely determines the expression of allelopathy in the natural environment. In allelopathy research, the sorption of allelochemicals onto soil particles has been less well studied than their degradation. A study was carried out to evaluate the growth of cucumber (Cucumis sativus var Marketmore 76) and radish (Raphanus sativus var Crimson giant) in soil amended with 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg l^–1 benzoic acid as model allelopathic substance. Growth of both cucumber and radish was not inhibited in soil amended with benzoic acid. A labeled study indicates that sorption of benzoic acid onto soil particles increases with concentration. Benzoic acid isotherms of both soils were non-linear, with an N value of 0.875 for a garden soil and 0.891 for a garden soil + sand, and they may explain the reason for the limited allelopathic effect of benzoic acid at concentrations often recorded in natural soil.     

An allelopathic substance isolated from Zanthoxylum limonella Alston fruit

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of the Zanthoxylum limonella Alston fruits led to the isolation of a phenolic compound named xanthoxyline. The allelopathic effects of xanthoxyline were evaluated on Chinese amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L.) and Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) under laboratory conditions. At a concentration of 2500 μM, xanthoxyline completely inhibited seed germination and growth of Chinese amaranth, while this compound showed a significantly inhibitory effect on seed germination of Barnyardgrass by 43.59% and inhibited shoot and root length by 71.56% and 87.48%, respectively. To determine the mechanism through which xanthoxyline exerts its toxicity, the cytogenetic bioassay was conducted. Roots of Allium cepa L. (onion) were treated with a series of concentrations, ranging from 15.625 to 125 μM for 18 h. Cytogenetic studies of onion roots showed a decrease of the mitotic index in the exposed roots dependent on the concentration of xanthoxyline. Likewise, the mitotic phase index was altered in onion incubated with xanthoxyline. Analyses of the abbreviation types showed spindle disturbances at late prophase, sticky metaphase, c-mitosis, non-oriented chromosome at metaphase, sticky anaphase, delayed anaphase and diagonal at telophase for the onion roots exposed to xanthoxyline.     

夹竹桃挥发物的化感作用研究

以夹竹桃挥发物为化感物质,对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙3种杂草种子进行了化感作用研究。研究表明,夹竹桃的茎叶在密闭系统中产生的挥发性物质以及经水蒸气蒸馏法所得的夹竹桃的挥发油对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长具有明显抑制作用。结果显示,夹竹桃可能会通过挥发物对杂草产生化感作用。     

多裂骆驼蓬水浸液对多年生黑麦草的化感作用与生理生化表现

为探讨多裂骆驼蓬(Peganum multisectum (Maxim.) Bobr.)对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)的化感效应,采用溶液培养和盆栽土培法研究了不同浓度多裂骆驼蓬水浸液对多年生黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响及其生理生化表现。结果表明,多裂骆驼蓬水浸液显著抑制多年生黑麦草萌发种子的α-淀粉酶和ATP酶活性及根尖细胞的有丝分裂,提高吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性,使种子萌发率和萌发指数及幼苗根长、株高和干重下降,这种抑制效应随水浸液浓度提高而增强,并与多年生黑麦草的种植密度呈负相关。在多年生黑麦草植株生长过程中浇灌多裂骆驼蓬水浸液提高了其叶片的超氧阴离子(O₂^·-)、H₂O₂和丙二醛(MDA)含量;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及抗坏血酸(ASA)含量随着水浸液浓度提高先升后降,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)降低,胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)升高。叶绿素荧光动力学资料显示,叶片初始荧光(Fo)随多裂骆驼蓬水浸液浓度提高而增加,最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学狡灭系数(qP)降低,非光化学狡灭系数(NPQ)先升后降,表明叶片光合机构受到伤害。     

三裂叶蟛蜞菊对水稻化感作用的初步研究

三裂叶蟛蜞菊（Wedelia trilobata L.）是华南地区的重要杂草和园林绿化植物。本文研究了三裂叶蟛蜞菊水提液对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）种子萌发和植株生长过程中一些生理过程的影响。结果表明,三裂叶蟛蜞菊各水提液浸种显著抑制了水稻萌发种子的α-淀粉酶活性和过氧化物酶活性,提高了质膜透性,进而使其活力和呼吸速率显著     

Effect of Mulch from Selected Multipurpose Trees (MPTs) on Growth, Nitrogen Nutrition and Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Leaf extracts and mulch from 14 multipurpose trees were used to test their effects on maize germination, growth and yield. Maize germination was significantly reduced by leaf extracts of all species with increasing extract concentration. The most drastic reductions were caused by Gliricidia sepium , Tetrapleura tetraptera , Lonchocarpus sireceus , Senna siamea and Leucaena leucocephala . Terminalia superba , Tetrapleura tetraptera , Pithecelobium dulce , Gliricidia sepium and Senna siamea significantly reduced maize root growth at the lowest extract concentration, while shoot length was most significantly reduced by Gliricidia sepium , Leucaena leucocephala , Alchornea coordifolia , Pithecelobium dulce , Terminalia superba , and Tetrapleura tetraptera at all concentrations. Growth of maize in pots and yield in the field were controlled by nitrogen supply and uptake. Fast-decomposing leaf material rich in nitrogen promoted growth and yield of maize. Thus Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium , both nitrogen-fixing legumes with high nitrogen contents and fast-decomposing leaf materials, significantly increased maize growth and yield. This suggests that the negative effects of leaf extracts observed in the laboratory are ecologically irrelevant in the field.     

作物化感作用研究现状及前景展望

作物化感作用研究是一个相对较新的研究方向，尽管2000年前就有关于植物间克生现象的描述，化感作用在农业生产实践中的应用很有潜力，从化感作用的概念着手总结了近20年来的研究成果，包括化感作用物质研究，作用机制研究，种质资源，生物检测方法和遗传特性研究等，并阐明了作物化感作用的研究意义，研究存在困难以及应用途径与前景。