不同秸秆及绿肥浸提液对玉米化感作用的研究

采用室内培养试验,通过测定油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英及紫云英+油菜秸秆4种浸提液对玉米发芽、幼苗生长及干重的影响,研究不同秸秆及绿肥对玉米的化感作用。结果表明,当浸提液浓度≥10 g/L时显著降低玉米发芽率。除紫云英+油菜秸秆浸提液对幼苗生长及干重表现为较强抑制作用外,其他浸提液均表现为显著促进作用或微弱抑制作用,紫云英浸提液促进作用最强,其中,油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英浸提液均在5 g/L时对幼苗总干重的促进作用最大,分别较对照提高10.85%、11.51%、16.71%。除紫云英+油菜秸秆外,其他秸秆及绿肥对玉米的化感作用整体上均表现为促进作用,油菜秸秆、小麦秸秆、紫云英及油菜+紫云英浸提液的综合敏感指数分别为2.64%、3.59%、10.32%、-7.33%。     

黄瓜根系分泌物化感作用的初步研究

以黄瓜自根苗和嫁接苗为试材,测定了不同收集温度（20℃、25℃、30℃）下黄瓜根系的分泌物量,并研究了不同类型黄瓜幼苗根系分泌物对黄瓜和南瓜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着温度的升高,黄瓜自根苗和嫁接苗的根系分泌物量均逐渐增加,在30℃条件下根系分泌物量最多,且自根苗的根系分泌物量明显多于嫁接苗。黄瓜根系分泌物对黄瓜和南瓜种子的发芽率、发芽势以及胚根和胚轴的伸长均具有明显的抑制作用,且抑制作用随着根系分泌物浓度的降低而减弱。黄瓜根系分泌物对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长具有抑制作用,通过嫁接可以在一定程度上减轻这种抑制作用。嫁接黄瓜虽然可以在一定程度上减轻黄瓜根系分泌物引起的自毒作用,但仍然能产生连作障碍。     

Isolation and Identification of Potent Allelopathic Substances in a Traditional Bangladeshi Rice Cultivar Kartikshail

Abstract

Aqueous methanol extracts of a traditional Bangladeshi rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L. cv. Kartikshail) inhibited root and shoot growth of cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), timothy (Phleum pratense), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and jungle rice (Echinochloa colonum). The inhibition was increased with increasing the extract concentration, which suggests that cv. Kartikshail may have growth inhibitory substances and allelopathic potential. The aqueous methanol extract of cv. Kartikshail was purified and two main inhibitory substances were isolated and identified by spectral data as 3-hydroxy-β-ionone and 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on cress roots and shoots, respectively, were 4.9 and 9.5 μM for 3-hydroxy-β-ionone, and 0.54 and 0.72 μM for 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one. The concentrations required for 50% growth inhibition on barnyardgrass roots and shoots, respectively, were 160 and 310 μM for 3-hydroxy-β-ionone, and 53 and 140 μM for 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one. The inhibitory activity of a mixture of the two compounds was much higher than that of the sum of the two compounds, suggesting that the two compounds may act synergistically to inhibit the growth of cress and barnyardgrass. The present research suggests that 3-hydroxy- β-ionone and 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one may be responsible for the growth inhibitory effect of cv. Kartikshail and may play important roles in the allelopathy of cv. Kartikshail. The traditional Bangladeshi rice cultivar Kartikshail may be potentially useful for weed management as a weed suppressing agent when this rice cultivar is incorporated into the soil or included in rice-based cropping systems.     

Does Allelopathy Play a Role in Suppression of Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) by Alfalfa?

Abstract

Alfalfa suppresses mugwort growth in the field. In the present study, the allelopathic effect of alfalfa on mugwort was examined using the above-ground (AGAB) and under-ground alfalfa biomasses (UGAB), and their water extracts. The sprouting of mugwort rhizomes or seed germination, growth of seedlings and leaf color changes in mugwort seedlings were evaluated in pot experiments. AGAB mixed into soil highly inhibited sprouting of mugwort rhizome fragments and growth of seedlings. The inhibitory effect was increased, and gradual leaf discoloration (yellowing) was observed in response to a higher dose of AGAB. However, UGAB affected neither sprouting of mugwort rhizome fragments nor growth of seedlings. The growth of mugwort seedlings was not significantly affected by water extracts of either AGAB or UGAB applied after emergence. The seed germination and seedling growth were significantly reduced by water extracts of AGAB and UGAB in the petri dishes experiments. These results indicated that the allelopathic effect of alfalfa along with the competitive ability and harvesting regime may play an important role in suppressing mugwort growth.     

Allelopathic Influence of Decomposing Wheat Residues in Agroecosystems

Summary

The concept that some crop plants have allelopathic effects is receiving greater attention as a potential mean that can be exploited in various ways for controlling agricultural pests. Wheat residues have been reported to inhibit growth of certain weeds, crops that follow wheat crop in crop rotation, soil nitrification and biological nitrogen fixation. Thus, crop production can be enhanced by avoiding the inhibitory effects or by exploiting favorable interactions. The present article presents an overview of research on the allelopathic influence of wheat residues in agroecosystems.     

Growth Stage of Cyperus esculentus Influences Its Allelopathic Effect on Ectomycorrhizal and Higher Plant Species

Summary

Live plants and plant material in various forms have important roles in ecological processes. Weeds may be involved in interactions with desirable species at different trophic levels through the production and release of allelochemicals. The allelopathic potential of the weed Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) was assessed by preparing aqueous extracts from tubers and foliage from immature or mature plants, and testing their effects on an ectomycorrhiza and two higher plant species. The extracts from tubers and both foliage types significantly reduced the colony diameter of the ectomycorrhiza Boletus maxaria, which was isolated from roots of the forestry species Pinus patula, on agar medium. Extracts (2% m/v) from C. esculentus tubers and the foliage of immature plants inhibited the germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds significantly. At 5% concentration, the extracts from foliage of immature weed plants completely inhibited the germination of lettuce seeds at the end of the 7-day trial period. The emergence of corn (Zea mays) was retarded in soil where C. esculentus tubers were planted 28 days before planting the crop, irrespective of whether the weeds continued to grow or were physically removed at the time the corn was sown. In contrast, where weed tubers and corn seeds were planted at the same time, emergence of corn was not affected. It is suggested that the growth stage of weeds be considered in the assessment of their direct and indirect allelopathic effects, and in predictions for their impacts on crop development and yield.     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

三种栽植方式下不同株型和化感特性水稻对无芒稗的干扰控制作用

以直播、小苗移栽和大苗移栽3种栽植方式为主处理,接种和不接种稗草为裂区处理,17份不同株型和化感特性水稻材料为再裂区处理,设计了对无芒稗干扰控制田间试验。结果表明,直播和小苗移栽对无芒稗株高、分蘖和干重有较好的抑制作用,优势株型和化感特性水稻对无芒稗具有较好的干扰控制作用。在30株 m^-2无芒稗的竞争干扰下,3种栽植方式间水稻产量差异不显著,杂草竞争干扰使水稻减产21.73%,化感作用水稻吓一跳、IR644-1-63-1-1、谷梅2号对稗草竞争力强,仍具一定产量水平。无芒稗竞争干扰对直播水稻株高、分蘖和植株干重影响大,与移栽水稻的差异显著。杂草干扰对供试水稻材料的农艺性状产生不同影响,水稻化感种质吓一跳中期分蘖强、植株高、干重大。无芒稗竞争干扰对成熟水稻株高无影响,但对分蘖、植株茎秆和穗干重差异显著。杂草竞争对3种种植方式的水稻千粒重无显著影响,但单株谷粒重以大苗移栽显著大于直播,移栽水稻的穗型较大,每穗总颖花数、每穗实粒数和结实率显著大于直播水稻。化感作用水稻谷梅2号、IR644-1-63-1-1、TN1和PI312777每穗颖花数不高、每穗实粒数少,化感作用水稻吓一跳每穗颖花数不高,但结实率高。水稻材料中早27、早籼浙207、早籼浙101、中早22等拥有较高的千粒重,化感作用水稻谷梅2号的千粒重显著高于IR644-1-63-1-1、TN1和PI312777。早籼浙101、早籼浙207和中早22等拥有较高的单株谷粒重,化感作用水稻中156的单株谷粒重显著高于谷梅2号、吓一跳、IR644-1-63-1-1、TN1和PI312777。     

肿柄菊对绿豆和水稻种子的化感作用

[目的]研究不同浓度的肿柄菊叶、茎和花序水浸提液对绿豆和水稻种子萌发的化感作用。[方法]分别用蒸馏水对肿柄菊叶、茎和花序进行活性物质浸提,并稀释为3.0%、1.0%和0.5%3个浓度,采用培养皿滤纸法进行种子萌发和幼苗生长试验,研究不同浓度不同部位肿柄菊对绿豆和水稻种子萌发的化感作用。[结果]肿柄菊叶、茎、花序水浸提液均对绿豆和水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长产生一定的抑制作用,并且随着肿柄菊不同部位的水浸提液浓度的增加,其化感效应不断增强;肿柄菊不同部位水浸提液在相同浓度下对绿豆和水稻种子的化感效应强度顺序大体呈现为：叶〉花序〉茎。[结论]肿柄菊植株不同部位及浓度的水浸提液均对绿豆和水稻种子产生化感效应,这也可能是肿柄菊入侵的重要机制。     

漂浮育苗方式下烟草根茬腐解液对幼苗生长的化感效应

[目的]揭示烟草连作障碍的作用机制,为消除农业生产上烟草的连作障碍提供理论依据。[方法]以漂浮育苗的方式,研究了不同浓度烟草根茬腐解液对幼苗生长的影响。[结果]当烟草根茬腐解液浓度为0.1 g/ml时,能促进幼苗的生长,能显著提高烟株的干物质重量,增强硝酸还原酶活性和根系活力。随着腐解液浓度的提高,促进作用逐渐转为抑制作用。当烟草根茬腐解液浓度达0.2 g/ml时,烟株硝酸还原酶活性明显下降,过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量显著上升。当烟草根茬腐解液浓度达0.3 g/ml以上时,烟株硝酸还原酶活性最低,过氧化物酶活性和丙二醛含量达最大。[结论]烟草根茬腐解液对烟苗的生长产生了不同程度的化感效应,随腐解液浓度的提高表现出明显的＂低促高抑＂的现象。