10种生物源杀菌剂对苹果树腐烂病菌的室内活性评价

为筛选出对苹果树腐烂病防治高效的生物源杀菌剂,采用菌丝生长速率法、分生孢子萌发法和离体枝条接种法,测定了10种生物源杀菌剂对苹果树腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制效果及其在苹果离体枝条上的保护作用。结果表明,10种供试生物源药剂对腐烂病菌均有一定的抑制效果,除3%中生菌素WP外,其他9种药剂对分生孢子萌发的抑制效果均优于对菌丝生长的抑制效果。其中,300亿·g^-1解淀粉芽孢杆菌WP、1 000亿·g^-1枯草芽孢杆菌WP和复合微生物菌剂3种药剂的室内毒力最强,对菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀分别为0.69、0.89、1.88、0.19、0.039μg·mL^-1和0.064μg·mL^-1。其次为0.5%氨基寡糖素AS、3%中生菌素WP、5%香芹酚AS、0.5%小檗碱AS和0.4%蛇床子素SL 5种药剂,对菌丝生长的EC₅₀为26.06～290.7μg·mL^-1,分生孢子萌发的EC₅₀为8.29～136.0μg·mL^-1。而0.3%苦参碱EC和2%农抗120AS对菌丝生长的EC₅₀均>2 000μg·mL^-1,显著>其他几种药剂,室内毒力最差。离体枝条保护试验结果表明,300亿·g^-1解淀粉芽孢杆菌WP、1 000亿·g^-1枯草芽孢杆菌WP、0.5%氨基寡糖素AS和复合微生物菌剂对离体枝条保护作用最强,其室内防效均>85%,而0.3%苦参碱EC和2%农抗120AS保护作用最差,其室内防效与其他药剂之间存在显著差异,这与室内毒力测定结果相一致。综上所述,300亿·g^-1解淀粉芽孢杆菌WP、1 000亿·g^-1枯草芽孢杆菌WP、复合微生物菌剂和0.5%氨基寡糖素AS 4种药剂可作为防治苹果树腐烂病的替代生物源杀菌剂。     

11种除草剂对秋播豌豆生长发育的影响及防效研究

化学除草剂已成为农田控制杂草的重要技术措施,但目前还没有针对豌豆田杂草的高效、安全除草剂。为此,本文以陕西省关中地区主栽品种‘西豌2号’为试验材料,采用6种苗前除草剂（48%氟乐灵乳油、50%乙草胺乳油、33%二甲戊灵乳油、96%精异丙甲草胺乳油、50%敌草胺水分散粒剂、40%扑草净可湿性粉剂）和5种苗后除草剂（15%精吡氟禾草灵乳油、10%精喹禾灵乳油、12.5%烯禾啶乳油、10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵乳油、12%烯草酮乳油）处理,设清水喷施（CK1）和人工除草（CK2）为对照,调查秋豌豆田杂草种类,研究不同除草剂的防除效果,探讨各除草剂对秋豌豆生育进程、形态特征、经济效益等相关指标的影响。结果表明：1）研究区秋豌豆田杂草共7科13种,以阔叶类杂草为主,其中阔叶杂草9种。除草剂对杂草株数和鲜重均有不同程度的防效作用,苗前除草剂以33%二甲戊灵综合防效最佳,苗后除草剂以12%烯草酮综合防效最佳。2）自越冬期至开花期,各除草剂均对秋豌豆株高、叶绿素相对含量产生显著影响,但从始荚期开始,影响不再显著。不同种类的除草剂对秋豌豆根、茎、叶器官各时期干物质的积累量均有不同程度的抑制作用,各处理的秋豌豆茎、叶器官干物质的移动率及转运率均高于人工除草,叶器官干物质的移动率及转运率均高于茎器官。3）除草剂对百粒重、荚长等产量构成因素影响不显著,除10.8%高效氟吡甲禾灵导致产量略微下降之外,其他除草剂均表现出一定的增产作用,其中33%二甲戊灵、12%烯草酮可使秋豌豆增产25%以上。所有除草剂处理的净收入均有所增加,以33%二甲戊灵、12%烯草酮处理的净收入为同时期除草剂中最高。由此可见,除草剂的使用有助于种植者经济效益的提高,结合各除草剂的防除效果、安全性、经济效益,苗前除草剂33%二甲戊灵和苗后除草剂12%烯草酮在秋豌豆田的综合效应分别为同时期除草剂中最佳。本试验条件下,针对秋豌豆田,苗前除草剂推荐使用33%二甲戊灵,苗后除草剂推荐使用12%烯草酮。     

Solvent retention capacity and swelling index of glutenin in hard red wheat flour as possible indicators of rheological and baking quality characteristics

To overcome the cost and expense of milling and baking hundreds of samples in wheat breeding programs, cereal chemists have developed various rapid predictive tests for end-use quality assessment. In this study, five small-scale rapid tests, including Solvent Retention Capacity (SRC) and Swelling Index of Glutenin (SIG), were compared for viability and accuracy to determine end-use quality using small quantities of flour. The tests were applied on commercial hard red spring and hard red winter wheat cultivars from two of the three main production regions in South Africa. Rheological and bread-baking characteristics were related to results of the rapid tests. Highly significant cultivar differences were seen for all rheological and baking-related characteristics, and SRC and SIG parameters, with a strong genotype effect. The environment effect was also highly significant across regions, especially for flour protein content (FPC), which affected the rheological and baking-related characteristics differently across the regions. Correlations among SRC, SIG, rheological, and baking quality-related parameters were highly significant, but inconsistent for the two production regions. Only lactic acid SRC and SIG correlated consistently with the rheological and baking quality-related characteristics in both production regions.     

Structure and expression analysis of the sucrose synthase gene family in apple

Sucrose synthases (SUS) are a family of enzymes that play pivotal roles in carbon partitioning, sink strength and plant development. A total of 11 SUS genes have been identified in the genome of Malus domestica (MdSUSs), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MdSUS genes were divided into three groups, named as SUS I, SUS II and SUS III, respectively. The SUS I and SUS III groups included four homologs each, whereas the SUS II group contained three homologs. SUS genes in the same group showed similar structural characteristics, such as exon number, size and length distribution. After assessing four different tissues, MdSUS1s and MdSUS2.1 showed the highest expression in fruit, whereas MdSUS2.2/2.3 and MdSUS3s exhibit the highest expression in shoot tips. Most MdSUSs showed decreased expression during fruit development, similar to SUS enzyme activity, but both MdSUS2.1 and MdSUS1.4 displayed opposite expression profiles. These results suggest that different MdSUS genes might play distinct roles in the sink-source sugar cycle and sugar utilization in apple sink tissues.     

Mutations in FgPrp6 suppressive to the Fgprp4 mutant in Fusarium graminearum

The pre-mRNA processing factor Prp6 is an essential component of the U4/U6.U5 tri-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP). In a previous study, mutations were identified in the PRP6 ortholog in four suppressors of Fgprp4 that was deleted of the only kinase FgPrp4 among the spliceosome components in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we identified additional suppressor mutations in FgPrp6 and determined the suppressive effects of selected mutations. In total, 12 mutations of FgPRP6 were identified in 20 suppressors of Fgprp4 by sequencing analysis. Whereas three mutation sites are in the linker region of FgPrp6, seven are in the first two HAT repeats. RNA-seq analysis showed that suppressor mutations on different sites caused different splicing efficiency recovery. The suppressive effects of E308K and R230H were verified. Similar to human and fission yeast, the FgPrp6 was phosphorylated by the FgPrp4 kinase. Interestingly, the conserved Prp4-phosphorylation sites T261, T219&T221, and predicted phosphorylation sites T199&T200 on FgPrp6 were dispensable for the function of FgPrp6 in hyphal growth and sexual reproduction but important in plant infection. They are required for the infectious growth of F. graminearum in wheat lemma. RNA-seq analysis of the wheat lemma infected with Fgprp6/FgPRP6^Δ199–221-GFP or Fgprp6/FgPRP6^Δ250–262-GFP showed that 28 and 35% introns had splicing defects, respectively, which may be responsible for their defects in plant infection.     

Ultrastructure of the sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of larval and adult Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) is an important agricultural pest throughout the world. In this study, the morphology of antennal and mouthpart sensilla in the larvae and adults of P. xylostella (L.) was observed by using a scanning electron microscope. The larval antennae possess six sensilla basiconica, two sensilla chaetica and one sensillum styloconicum. Larval mouthparts possess six types of sensilla: sensilla chaetica, sensilla digitiformia, sensilla epipharyngeal, sensilla basiconica, sensilla styloconica and sensilla placodea. In the adult, seven types of sensilla are found on the antennae in males and six types of sensilla (sensilla basiconica absent) occur in females. Sexual dimorphism is also found in the number and size of these sensilla on the antennae of adults. We describe for the first time the five types of sensilla on the mouthparts of the adult of P. xylostella. This study provides useful information for further research into the function of these sensilla, and better understanding the behavioral mechanisms involved in pest control.     

基于高光谱反射率的糜子冠层叶片叶绿素含量估算

连续两年大田试验研究不同糜子品种叶绿素含量与冠层光谱反射率,并基于不同植被指数建立糜子叶片叶绿素含量的估测模型。结果表明,参试糜子品种叶绿素含量在整个生育期呈现"低-高-低"的抛物线变化趋势,最大值出现在抽穗期到开花期之间;不同品种各生育期内冠层光谱反射率趋势一致,在近红外波段,冠层光谱反射率与叶绿素含量呈稳定正相关,灌浆初期光谱反射率达到最大值;可见光波段,拔节期、开花期和灌浆初期冠层光谱反射率与冠层叶绿素含量呈正相关,成熟期呈负相关;糜子冠层叶绿素含量与760~900、630~690、550 nm波段组合的植被指数具有较高相关性;基于RVI、PSNDb、GNDVI750能较好地建立糜子叶绿素含量统一检测模型,决定系数分别为0.791、0.779、0.748;模型验证的相对误差分别为9.58%、8.93%、11.80%;均方根误差分别为0.045、0.140、0.196。表明利用RVI、PSNDb、GNDVI750建立的模型能较为准确地预测糜子冠层叶绿素含量。     

4种非生物胁迫下小麦幼苗表型及可溶性蛋白含量的变化

对小麦幼苗分别进行低温(4℃)、高温(42℃)、高盐(800 mM NaCl)及干旱(20%PEG)4种非生物胁迫,从麦苗生长表型及其根、茎、叶片总可溶性蛋白含量的变化方面分析不同胁迫对小麦幼苗生长及生理变化的影响。结果表明:经过4种胁迫处理后,小麦幼苗生长均处于不同程度的抑制状态,高温、高盐和干旱胁迫下植株干枯明显,低温下植株明显较对照矮小;高温胁迫后幼苗根长仅5 cm左右,比正常植株短8~9 cm,高盐、干旱及低温条件下植株根长比正常植株短4.83 cm;4种胁迫下叶片长度也明显小于正常植株。胁迫直接导致了小麦根、茎和叶中可溶性蛋白含量不同程度的增加,根中总蛋白含量较茎和叶中低,根对胁迫也最为敏感,高温胁迫12 h后,根中总蛋白含量达到最大3.92μg·mg~(-1),高温胁迫24 h后,茎中总蛋白含量接近15μg·mg-1,而叶片中总蛋白的含量却保持72 h持续增长的状态。     

基于毒性表型与微卫星标记的云南省条锈病菌群体遗传分析

为明确云南省条锈菌群体结构和遗传多样性水平,利用19个中国鉴别寄主和11对微卫星(simple sequence repeat,SSR)标记引物对采自云南省大理、曲靖、文山、昭通4个市的88个菌系进行了毒性表型分析和分子基因型分析。毒性表型分析结果表明,云南省条锈菌群体Nei’s基因多样性指数为0.17,Kosman指数为0.22,云南省条锈菌群体毒性结构复杂;菌系以Hybrid 46类群(77.3%)和贵农22类群(17.0%)为主,并且均不能侵染鉴别寄主中四和Triticum spelta album。分子基因型分析结果表明,云南省条锈菌整体上香农信息指数为0.63,分子遗传多样性比较丰富;大理市菌系香农信息指数为0.64,分子遗传多样性最丰富;文山市菌系香农信息指数为0.35,分子遗传多样性最低。聚类分析结果表明,云南省西部大理市菌系明显不同于云南省东部曲靖市、昭通市、文山市的菌系,昭通市菌系和曲靖市菌系毒性结构和基因型结构基本相同,表明云南省东、西部条锈菌群体遗传分化程度较高,是2个相对独立的流行区域。     

植物内生枯草芽孢杆菌Em7菌株对葡萄灰霉病菌的抑菌活性

通过室内皿内对峙抑菌试验、分生孢子萌发抑制试验、离体果实接种试验以及电镜技术,研究测定了分离自小麦根部的植物内生枯草芽孢杆菌Em7菌液对葡萄灰霉病菌Botrytiscinerea Pers.的抑制作用及抑菌机理。结果表明:用Em7菌液处理葡萄灰霉病菌后,在PDA培养基上形成了明显的抑菌圈,直径达2.81 cm;菌液对分生孢子萌发的抑制率达到88.65%;经Em7菌液处理后,离体果实病情指数明显低于空白对照,相对防治效果达到78.92%。电镜观察发现,处理组菌丝生长异常,体表凹凸不平,局部膨大成结或缢缩,分枝变多,菌丝体内液泡增多,细胞壁增厚,细胞膜透性发生变化。表明植物内生枯草芽孢杆菌Em7菌株对葡萄灰霉病菌有良好的抑制作用,并且可以有效控制葡萄灰霉病的发生。